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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 j7 s& O2 x& l" y5 \Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
& Y/ V1 o" Q% Q. l- wExposure to Testosterone. @" i% ~" @6 l1 A9 z! m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 |4 l; Q! n' I x! ~( t0 fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 x* d; z. A5 Q( `2 xClinical Pediatrics
' x# g4 `9 O( X0 A% \Volume 46 Number 61 X* r3 e9 [: ?! N$ W1 ?2 W$ k
July 2007 540-543
8 v; l6 {9 h6 H" Q& e3 T3 N! _© 2007 Sage Publications
W! r2 Q: k+ O10.1177/0009922806296651
2 ]9 T' f4 w0 {3 w3 K5 lhttp://clp.sagepub.com& N9 t+ j; C e s# O
hosted at
! L/ h9 i& W4 O& ]4 e, jhttp://online.sagepub.com* Q* G* R8 K) w: A
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 n! }8 [* v9 h, T) j, k
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 W, A2 F0 U/ ?precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" g/ n7 v3 k5 f d1 Vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 W3 G3 `, U/ {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 v3 E/ A5 z7 O1 r5 ~ I9 w' ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 F5 {1 U" l) t S1 o7 E3 o
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic3 |4 W5 H) u- a1 d2 f5 i
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, ~ n" T' @. J
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% O. `5 G. R, a0 C; g! |5 Preport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, ~' `- d6 ~+ ?0 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 N' `) ~% [1 S) Q' dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, Q2 u% g4 M$ p% O8 ^/ ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ v# j+ h2 J, o' Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 U$ i+ n( ?* d# h" G% }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, G$ J# T; O4 K& M& f, L }* ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! m+ D% K! U. T5 T/ E
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( C% c* o0 W! C t" Ibly more common than the rare case report in the
1 Z6 y1 y9 w, t6 I5 O8 K" V' uliterature.4
A! z; _( E2 k2 j" JPatient Report
' w* I5 F4 }/ D- y& S9 nA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* V1 ]; K. j( p+ O: Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 F9 R+ ~5 C; S; _- |4 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% b5 C( g N+ |6 ?light colored pubic hair development when he was/ P+ o$ P3 A/ B3 T2 f" E& U
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) x% j1 | s! |* L' S# sSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
) q5 X5 t# f2 P6 S( h* @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) n# F4 J8 a; C8 _% d! r$ \Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- P" h* O. E; u! T6 z5 L- o
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 D5 R2 t& b$ t
e-mail: [email protected].
. r5 z3 L2 ~* C3 F, habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
[. x( m1 O1 [/ ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- | F1 E2 h9 a$ }: J- J9 e# ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ s' B: k7 ?! u5 Y/ Dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 |7 M1 e H5 _8 d0 u
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 F# H4 v; n7 a7 c0 Y# l" {0 L9 _
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 m2 g- a3 l# S' Z. S9 H
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with( X5 [+ c2 w0 ~* T0 r; \; C& v% g
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 Y6 l5 w, r/ ? j6 M' Y' H& k. o
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 H& O' v# Q/ y7 y# g0 C
was age appropriate.+ v, r1 k+ {0 x0 w! H! A: O
The family history was remarkable for the father,. q- e) L6 [6 E) t* o
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% a$ h3 C9 @* d8 W ^+ }
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 h' r5 [. J; F$ Q7 a6 G9 P" E
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 t: A! u/ ]8 u, S
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 h1 |/ p7 ^" N4 o/ y# A" ?) h0 D
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 ] g L9 V H5 P1 s' `3 c) [! Y+ w0 echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, g8 f* Y: n4 {3 @" O
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% x6 C9 S& K: ?1 R' y; R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 C2 `& i9 L$ j
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 |! m9 U: I* D- P+ c3 T
tives. There were no siblings.$ Y' g- ]) m- o6 V7 {! N: a
Physical Examination, Y! G& {7 }( A$ D; }7 y2 h4 y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) p& G7 j" V* ?2 X2 T0 \- zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 _4 J7 A9 S/ ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" R% \. V/ p4 T0 b( w
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 t& L6 A' y+ m4 q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 h9 y5 ~& ^" f7 V, z, k
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 g, j' x# m+ j" f0 E' i1 a
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
8 N: m V9 i' b6 W: qThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 S. t6 S5 d/ a( y' f
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 A4 e7 H$ `/ @) k9 g# I* Y9 X0 B8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( _2 t' k% X2 ]$ g
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 g0 {( C. F. }" ?% v540" @8 _3 f# u. ^* I7 h" @
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 F* V5 w0 K; B8 v' Pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; N' A9 P! S$ F* {' ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 b" ~4 J2 X3 p# [4 E" _The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. [' z$ s/ @5 h' r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ v- ?5 Y e3 N$ v: r% }abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 Q4 W5 r4 V: A" z2 \$ }
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) Y* o4 _, X, D' F. }1 ~bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
?8 f% k: X* ^/ D$ V) Lof papilledema.
: i6 h* ~$ ? rLaboratory Evaluation
: x; t# I0 e! p* x g6 a2 Q0 z, R9 A' CThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 F9 n& M% I$ n2 q( ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! k+ V+ F0 C+ f3 H; M$ e* S9 H& X
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ s5 h' G% z; G( ?1 ~5 d S) }/ @
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 p* r9 I% }1 x5 E3 q8 rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 i8 t5 |+ S0 e
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).! v* }0 c3 y8 h+ e2 b
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. w5 o9 {. |. L5 d; q6 Z" Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 e9 X2 T$ Z5 f2 X( D" E9 e4 l
within normal range for his age. The concentration
# d! R/ J' T# |. _$ d+ Cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ F$ T: U5 n$ |+ r4 \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 a3 ]' N7 d# ?, ?& g7 x; P
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ t/ H/ U5 Y3 R& I+ }7 m( i
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
9 L6 A7 ]0 {" }; \6 V odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 C v l8 R9 U. F- b' h: u
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) ` O t$ k9 P* B3 }was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- B P; s4 T/ ?. i4 F& ?+ R, e* z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 U/ M6 l: t; {9 Ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, h) \1 V$ \5 F. Y* Q& q, }* s3 zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 [1 t6 H% t+ q+ a, @5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. e z' ?+ e) P1 O, O& F4 s3 cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' A. Y+ X4 \ j4 q% M N% j5 x
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" j) W! `7 I( r- O(prepubertal).! Y; _2 f# j/ M+ \1 W5 c0 S
The parents were notified about the laboratory: V; D5 S9 \3 H! t% z% f) {
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 o, k; B) J5 H0 h! h
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
- |! u$ y# ], x8 |0 n( E* lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' S" ?# x% X' P9 M$ J; yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-4 O& J& N5 a. V4 X1 L+ t1 `; k
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.. t3 Y' S* }$ J& \5 _' p' r+ `
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 }7 c2 e! ]& Q* n( `! ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 {8 |& g# ?& V0 G+ n6 a
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 [5 V8 ^7 ~# U; f
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. V4 w0 j) G8 T' p
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
- E! Y P, V( n, j O/ Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 ~" r) ?) p8 s9 {; b GmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged. ]; U) V/ D5 Z$ v
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ l8 N" M. K+ k4 F" sing frequent erections.
4 q3 P+ a8 ^ UBoth parents were again questioned about use of
9 g9 |. u" m9 Q) T0 R& f$ z6 p( dany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
4 F5 G2 V/ Q, L9 R/ Nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 i4 F- u4 Q3 @+ L, |" T
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541' ?+ F' w% Y. [3 l, ~
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, R9 P# A; f. J1 o
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# q. r+ |) P& b5 G, \a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 a$ A6 Z L/ R
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, k+ L" D) Z- U- _- V
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ m- W8 A6 f5 V7 u% ~6 Y$ M
secondary to depression.
0 z+ |5 _. h2 yThe child slept in the same bed with parents., }* @9 r; c4 `
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 z# m0 K1 S& `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 y7 t5 o5 P6 _1 r% p2 Wnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ f1 P/ O* [6 I' e
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 V$ r8 \4 G, y) x) gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 a ~* h/ c( u( n8 Hwas high, he then read the product information
0 ^3 ]3 X0 W- r6 L( Vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-% B8 F8 t# a# L8 E
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they7 k; K4 G7 Y2 O# B( F! `9 Y3 r7 ^7 J
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 S( F1 \' `6 T, \7 z7 P5 @. i" s
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ t- {$ J4 t) o- L& [4 h
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ a8 g3 U$ _/ f# Z O+ Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* d; @& x/ Z" f' x( A) alaboratory to obtain the test.$ Q3 [6 O* U7 r/ {2 @
Discussion
# m+ v" a4 }/ O' ]3 G. ?* APrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary! b7 I2 H; n7 H% J O
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! ?0 P( h+ e; Z1 o. }: e# |Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 l9 B9 W) H" R1 ?3 Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- {8 Q( {! ~. L2 _8 N
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# S4 v8 i* j, Y9 N" l' g! ?
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ `3 r, ^, P7 S( q: @$ Y* |' hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 h/ E1 E k# ?5 nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- q; f+ V4 h9 V2 {! lamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! f3 C1 p# k3 W5 \' e0 X
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! V. A- k' ^/ L! [ z# i" a9 Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; V7 M; m; u8 W( ?0 @3 c7 Z$ q, E7 v) r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
! a3 D, _' E6 _3 z6 ` h+ _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% L+ V. r7 Y% ]/ S; l* `: Rgonadotropins.1,3
& v) l* r0 L C4 FGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, d! Y4 `- {' G: U6 g
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* f, o) T4 ~# @( R5 v+ f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 m+ i, Z- B Z. P- Q6 T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, H( |7 o- \4 Q( G: }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% d4 J- X/ o' L6 Y0 y
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 ]7 e' f- x7 e. y+ G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ T" v6 s! ~$ s' |" d! }
puberty in boys.3,4, R$ I5 h3 ^+ q" }: S) g) \. j
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 t' [( D. m( P- @( r
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 ^( h! T& K' C: M. q" W2 z( _6 \4 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 n& D4 |( L% E% P& @excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 `/ a7 ]6 x2 L6 v
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
Y/ X7 L k/ U% E" ]. zexcess.1,3
- t' T$ _. {& f5 f j( |: lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from j0 I- B. p O$ V6 G% v. F
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" q. ^+ S& c" S( w, I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. i8 J" M0 `9 r' r M& q( C9 _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
6 n9 P. n) i3 ]as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 d0 r8 t1 t7 V3 `+ a5 w1 }
very young age. The physical findings in these boys t( O" [/ F1 M5 n# u
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
( }2 {( B B& B! @- X* nincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys) k) R3 p. g' R3 R. W3 n( {9 ?
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# ~& _) d2 ^' b# L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) D4 z- R9 h; I( n8 v8 s2 I4 o5 T
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' I; [7 S/ {: { Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 G- g5 Z6 _0 S [- ~autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! b) {7 J# b& _- T1 i
males; therefore, other male members of the family. _& D7 O2 B1 }" Z5 S! G
may have similar precocious puberty.3
; n) g1 @! ?8 k6 F" T- ]' iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 L8 X" ]: Q2 wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
! F2 e3 `! f7 ~2 S v' p5 Scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
^- `- \1 Y4 rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
, H! a4 y0 |7 D( w6 tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( M+ M, m/ \7 M3 H- R6 btesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
* e7 M3 i, G8 Z+ Q; \ H# H zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( Y( i: L; z2 f9 A/ i
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ {7 o8 K, }3 L# x2 }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 M3 V) o8 ^4 a* k, c) Teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" e1 t; N2 \8 jdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: U; P6 P( x$ d# King the normal level of adrenal steroids.
9 @3 m. _2 Y/ @+ w! e7 [* PThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly" |; T, O; K5 n3 c7 j
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 S' O- n4 ]: B6 n" K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& g* `0 C1 F3 K# M2 e; Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 o( q) x( R3 y3 k) o ]6 m: Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ @) R! m: c( N! @+ ^3 g) U- O+ Xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 V( w* ]- l7 R1 nusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. ]5 B3 {' w7 H( x5 u1 u2 P1 O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' T! W4 ?. E/ {0 fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' r9 _+ P- C. Y: y; v# {unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, f ]- m3 N! g1 c! W: vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, V0 J9 O- d' Z/ O& L2 t2 jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
" B ]6 G: W& U, M& X' leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 |: f j- S& t- L* a( z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ M+ C# Q* t) ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.$ x, {$ ^5 O' h$ O) u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ C: X* Z- @9 S, P% Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 L' s9 P* d) s% _( i- u6 c
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& t* d' M5 a& t4 K+ ?1 i" o! q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 @* F: `( t, T% }8 _: X5 Iactive in young children exposed to testosterone' w. ?1 b. ? M+ r! T) A& A3 n/ m
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# X' }" b+ e( F2 g- ~drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
s- c1 p8 L m* u- a* b8 A4 r1 y. }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- _; Q, T+ Y$ ?( |8 v, `4 ~2 echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and# n( J9 e! F. u& ^4 u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. `/ p4 A, d; J$ c7 a$ ]8 V GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during: x( x' P7 ~+ D1 s% G
early childhood on pubertal development and final; a# E/ }. j- E7 u9 @
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& y* r: Q2 V! {7 K' K: ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 s6 C, d! i6 a* e0 G; j1 xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( A# u6 g" a* w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# @1 j9 j% }- D) C, ?5 lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& L& ]5 W1 ], {% T& C/ m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 j& }9 _) T5 i2 U% A4 k+ t3 K3 |
There are conflicting reports and controversy( w" R' x$ b5 D4 a, M+ k) Y9 p4 y
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% ?% |' m% E, z; o( C4 P. w
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' h4 l: \! [; Q+ V! R2 T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' S: P: o3 C- U5 f( D
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ j. b% I s/ Y) ^3 HSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 |* E+ b1 o* s
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 g! O V' I% w- U/ {, v
penile length in clinical studies.
' o5 N' H/ _& H0 jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& A' q9 p6 Q- x5 Q7 M8 E
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 E% Y9 m% l- _: q( n. Q! \' C# O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 P$ \- u( l( }+ ]7 ?! j7 a
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- ?7 l$ ]$ z3 JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of( E( v, G$ R( i4 [2 N+ J% M, h
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 i" f7 }/ Z9 h2 I" U$ b: ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& H p5 l4 p- }
height will not be affected.
h: j1 G9 h) r& j8 LAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) k1 `; C& N7 k0 Bability of androgen products in our society may
. ^& A% N+ J, Z( ?6 q! c! _indeed cause more virilization in male or female2 Q: z2 H% O* G) F, r" x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 g/ I. y2 u6 ^
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( M5 P5 i ~( Q0 v2 utioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. A1 l0 V$ a& M* |gel should be asked of the family members during
7 C. Y0 J9 T; i$ F; jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-# A$ p l3 ~0 j" @. z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 \3 _' N( l; R' w7 `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 C7 a ]9 A) J# {3 J
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; f! S6 W' _2 l9 }
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may- _. |4 U3 W' c; t
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) T9 A% q3 j: q0 f) Finvestigation. The primary care physician should be
% [% I) P' z1 i6 M `# @aware of this fact, because most of these children, V3 r3 B( p' W% N& p# y! Y u
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’* b; R8 ~" e; S1 I, L
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
/ c; k. y: m; B: Q8 l+ ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 _" ^, I. P- a! Mfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 {- h5 ?- L8 i, p
one using any of these products.
9 K$ y3 ~% h! S3 `% I4 mReferences; T* ] F( l& U% I' f4 _7 d: \+ ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* C$ F$ O% C9 F4 y/ h/ x L2 mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
! C) ^1 ~/ R2 dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;$ U) g% u) k; a0 N
2002: 565-628.& W' b! P8 e% q: v% t
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious! Z! O7 A4 E! w/ M+ y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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