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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old y& Z( W7 K- g$ @
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
% O3 r% p+ Z0 C- [5 T2 S! ^! M: I" SExposure to Testosterone
2 W. o- b6 R K5 Z, ZSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ |0 v" w/ e! C, Y% H9 iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* N* C- x1 J8 g* b/ U3 ?4 Z
Clinical Pediatrics
7 y+ ?: \, s9 MVolume 46 Number 6$ Q& R. F% X+ }; L. z
July 2007 540-543
6 x2 p y. m( F) _© 2007 Sage Publications
# B5 Y$ f, m0 V4 ]; m2 E10.1177/0009922806296651
0 ?- h- c! x* {: X) Q2 ~http://clp.sagepub.com
4 b) f0 Y3 J |8 u9 \5 w6 f( phosted at
4 d a) B- T* r, u% \http://online.sagepub.com
0 G- `$ ~! j& k) u. E4 ~Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 I6 S8 ?. }, U. `8 Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central7 f5 ]; S" j5 m0 h: @! g+ N% m$ {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ F% D( u: U, N0 Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ ^& v0 d" e8 \' f9 y7 c- v+ K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 i$ |. x0 G3 y# J3 l. @$ R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 w w! k' \& w' [' i
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 q" n. H, |+ J1 F
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* _& F& o$ t Wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" i7 p$ n/ d3 m" ?, x0 ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 z% I: a) S( N- c7 denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 y* C: r- L) v8 Y/ \ment without testicular enlargement, which was due* U: c& z# C }0 x; c4 M+ [
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ x5 k: _7 o8 x0 }
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ C! [' ]1 o, G0 \9 U; ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ l8 B0 v7 X4 U. T2 j
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; ]3 a1 c8 I) Z, l% z% X( M5 [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- Z5 T9 c9 M9 E8 }% E" B
bly more common than the rare case report in the" P7 J" r* E9 ^. r- L' {
literature.4
+ l4 C$ Z) V8 n5 Z+ }) ^8 cPatient Report
; m, ]/ W c' G" w) p3 n% NA 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 F$ P* V8 s J4 s0 T, `, [% v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 ] `3 C% O1 G3 F1 C- A/ Gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
* V8 \4 d+ o# [/ A/ @% Alight colored pubic hair development when he was2 V" t j! v8 {
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 F+ a Q4 q& N( j2 o# i- S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ z9 N3 ~& D4 q5 ^& ?7 ~- eAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 a! v- M- y0 ?2 _4 c' a3 T/ GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 w% n3 g5 ?5 \. ?7 j2 f+ C k9 \
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" f6 V7 P! l9 B! l$ R$ T9 S3 F
e-mail: [email protected].5 D$ f8 q. n2 |& y$ \1 d* Q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 Y" i u( g* h7 c- j& b% }
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 E* c$ m1 V4 ~' I# x! l! Q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 E: ^1 g- F: z& V/ ?was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% C+ P; o' {8 X9 S# Y3 w+ \
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) B+ ^4 x; ]2 g& Z2 A8 A
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# }, l; u7 Z+ C, k3 l5 r% n
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: C. z4 @8 f0 X4 N0 Lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; {8 T/ ?' |3 G) ?4 r4 Band his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ f5 Q1 B7 R# o2 f( S( B
was age appropriate.
! [! x" A9 z6 P' AThe family history was remarkable for the father,, K% ^- c8 X1 B; a1 x- t5 N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ e- u: t- o- t4 R6 ?' N8 Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 X# b, S6 Z: ?* v
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 x9 P, k# \ V+ `, u+ Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# V" h1 s& i$ d9 JThe father denied taking any other medication. The
0 W* W* }9 @- d$ X c% pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. F+ ^ |6 o; d4 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; T) U5 m+ B+ z: c) a) U# T0 i' S
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 O; b$ O4 ~% d: v9 @) C" ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ c* I. W7 L, M7 htives. There were no siblings.0 {/ \3 V0 U/ I) T
Physical Examination
5 @/ O' |' h' J3 y. f4 eThe physical examination revealed a very active,9 x2 `0 k3 X4 U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" n1 y: c% ]6 z5 F+ k2 i, |; X Qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 e* g. v& G# X- S3 f$ t+ u90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 b7 N! u7 s% U1 f+ O$ o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
( ?2 i2 P' ~/ z: o* C8 uvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 \9 u" Q& M- k1 ~; s6 _
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.# V' `4 k0 R! k s( s7 S0 j
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for5 q2 X4 {+ ^/ N, p: O8 f& z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ P+ R$ J3 V7 z) L5 I! k% s
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% i( w, V6 _0 i- w
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 w. o7 l" \8 `, C% Y8 X: w$ M540
% R' e$ W# Q" q6 F' i6 h# ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 w9 C! F7 k! X: X% J% Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. @: f1 H: Z" k. l+ \. D; `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- W+ H( F3 T a& X
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& a: p( Y2 V' m! Boily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' N D- g8 b( a9 \1 a1 s5 m. L
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" o+ O% z5 [$ g, A1 V: Q. FNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 I; P) G" j4 S W: o$ k, lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion a, ^! }% w# v
of papilledema.
. k* i* Q5 m# [2 H) J5 p% SLaboratory Evaluation0 |' G; Y* }5 `7 u8 L
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" c: c% G7 s5 K; Y$ [, Susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ y* k1 @( ]& J" [* M4 I8 l1 Y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) N7 [4 q3 O/ u" Q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
r( G5 z% E% m1 C2 w1 k9 p! ~showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' R8 { @& }2 R5 D
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
) Z: f! p/ ]1 p o1 P. [6 U1 _& rThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' w; e7 L. ]# Vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were1 X6 z, u6 m. Y) V+ m7 F, j1 Q
within normal range for his age. The concentration, K% {; w9 H# ` u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 k; { H8 j; _+ I$ I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; S+ h4 Y8 I1 y( w$ Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 ~0 O" U: _; ?4 Lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ g F3 X8 ^0 q; l( D1 Odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' f$ ]% t% |& W5 F: l2 q* ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 \% U# n9 p5 K" H3 o7 D" ~
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: D1 t6 a K" G7 Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
' j6 R' h, t0 `5 n" Stestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 Z( P; Y* ~ X9 ^$ z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than% x- o3 C" p o% R6 [) y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 `0 G' U* U& P5 Kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" }- F+ X( U* L8 k# zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% f8 f U, v" c0 r; y2 L/ z
(prepubertal).' o4 ]5 U8 s# D* e6 ~6 O
The parents were notified about the laboratory
3 g# s+ o/ \5 Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were* n/ h7 i/ i6 C' i; R9 P
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 {1 j. @2 h E7 Z% e" Efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( _1 K+ g, M+ E$ Y6 d* Q5 O0 nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
5 w- c! S7 Q E+ @: ]* z, _. d9 t3 Pever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 H" o" z2 z0 `2 g% E/ l
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 R3 I/ F c1 l
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ U t+ h4 T/ D" t6 K8 ~
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained3 ], i& k0 b' S8 w3 U2 ]
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 x. j: H& D H( H1 ~& ?; K8 I
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. B7 ]% L9 O6 D
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 e- B: }4 F! h V: ^" F8 E% cmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 D0 K" e' n( I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ u$ N, L" G( ]) hing frequent erections.
4 l+ P. R# y6 LBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# \6 U* z5 B$ h1 l, Oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to. L2 q2 M7 `( G8 r9 k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, q# j4 p" R' Z- D4 F4 v' y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541: G1 _! M* U* V3 B
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 V6 X% c( ^2 h, b. W) m# Q% d
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ c k" z5 v2 d3 R/ m5 I
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. r6 D/ z. J, W6 S7 hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! N O _3 ?# N: uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ r2 D: d. L% b) {6 L! j2 q
secondary to depression." z( q& B+ b) g- M6 I* {
The child slept in the same bed with parents.4 F( ~+ ]9 S: v/ h( J- x) }9 W
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) V5 q7 [& c0 ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# e. }( o6 [) U
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 l6 o/ [5 P" O9 I$ a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# d% v& C( ?* ~4 d. s: Jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ v2 ?' \4 @& n5 S$ f. o
was high, he then read the product information1 t0 H4 j5 w& _; V! E
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- l$ L+ R- O3 n# H; P7 Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; o, }9 s! U! Q. y7 S! Hdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 x2 ^2 B& l% k( l* ^
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had* _! v6 B; a' z8 V' ^1 i5 ^
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 g8 s/ I9 v: c6 q, i. dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 S, [) ~, k- v9 Vlaboratory to obtain the test." ]' P, Q$ p! _4 r
Discussion
; l3 k4 p- d& M1 _Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( v+ `0 _1 X( i* o; u1 K; d5 hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ V4 O7 u8 c7 Y' z M2 IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 y4 H0 z* o1 Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! L% e" _. }0 X7 z+ E# mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ |, t. E" H" \+ ^% ^! W
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP q, M4 [# J+ A0 y4 z4 @- l
may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 c. V9 y" q5 D/ A
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
' c" A# f6 Y- D( `3 eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 }4 V, y$ T, z7 J4 [0 `
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 v) p% I* X8 @! I* U1 @
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ X: `1 a) J0 e6 x. Gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 m& [" s5 p4 B, w* d) S5 v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by- `7 E8 T1 q" t& @$ F) J- V
gonadotropins.1,3) N9 S2 ^& u+ k; x6 I Y; ]
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, m, E4 c) F* w/ n' q2 k; O
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" E& ^/ ]; c8 x8 Z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or) B! V, ?- W& t/ [ O
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-* T) V% I/ x/ J; Y$ O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& k. E2 r8 u0 q. N: i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ M# {) _: K! B& k2 a! E3 t9 l; \
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
- i( `2 S# ~. r, E2 lpuberty in boys.3,46 F* j+ W- g9 E O) O5 A% a3 R1 |
The most common form of congenital adrenal+ A7 _1 j5 m. u7 H8 _ B: [. Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 G( L8 }0 A" W* {) c
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 x! ^( A; M. {1 g0 {; u0 |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 f# o' J8 h# e x2 `( K: } Y
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% K9 `+ x& N& \+ i1 Jexcess.1,3( Z# K- G7 O; ~. N* |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: y0 }" b* I, I
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. _( Y9 Z' F3 U; qA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& h$ v: P0 v: O! s- pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known* M8 [; x& T" Z4 {
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* x0 K4 d' T5 V# u2 l D% b, |very young age. The physical findings in these boys
' I7 I+ z/ c6 `, x/ W3 M3 I8 ~with this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 u+ a; L. j! q- O4 ~% ^( E( Zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, Q1 l+ S" x8 }& b" Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ x# X8 M, C4 H- e' n% g
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" o+ Z; K3 k2 c/ mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ q' k9 i- [7 H% Y" J! hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: C6 ~. @' Q" n. X1 `
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- Z' J. f! {. ?, f# ~- v+ vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
' m5 s! U5 j7 t0 amay have similar precocious puberty.3- ]" K/ [' w3 L! e5 Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 M6 v& X3 u+ z( d! W6 [, z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 P# c0 j6 ~$ {; |8 ~* h# _
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ O7 M5 S8 u: P+ T0 J& C P. G* W
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ R3 x6 @' F" V$ \: U4 L# Ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,+ A+ {( m! g: Q+ G0 o8 R
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- t0 e0 z' H [$ U
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) {( w( s( h- A5 D" lative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ ^) w! |9 z1 H1 y* @7 o
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& |% |- e* T3 f; n' @$ Reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ Y: T6 k- W8 [$ U: f. ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 K4 V- H; n" u% J/ r% X
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; `# x z7 {5 Z9 W3 W# F! `
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 z+ `4 j3 j6 K: x* }/ F% |suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: v8 f- Y2 _2 o' H) f
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' m3 J" g& v1 u3 i vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ g- N% @7 u. a- w' j) ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& j: W& I+ s D5 M3 ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ W" j# R/ B/ f( p: G) Y' Lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’ r9 c4 N' {8 o" |
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
1 h4 a' a8 _0 `* d; Lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' F0 W9 w5 E* S/ w+ T1 D' \
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& F( E) v3 Q! B7 Z, Z. G4 [- mSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% h7 ?; D/ S+ q4 S
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' `5 ]8 _" d' C8 h, M; G- e7 {
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" b1 _" _! l+ \6 }' x' q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. L& D+ p1 f1 @ k: w* [
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- R5 S5 [8 |5 k1 x: @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! g W# J7 J. N( iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 I6 ]/ N, K4 a3 C3 x! K$ Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 r6 k2 {$ w" Y! l0 Vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) v/ W1 i; R O8 J
active in young children exposed to testosterone
$ S+ r" n9 f' X: ~exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: d ]- ~: R x. d9 o
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. w% f% f& W6 j+ }1 M8 ?) B6 \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 I. |7 U0 }+ f% i8 p. uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
# D0 V* r* O6 ]advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 L# ~! A7 l, e E- u% z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 B* A. R- l' U$ C3 ?- K) A+ i
early childhood on pubertal development and final( n1 @) O. i$ F* q
adult height are not fully known and always remain
, _$ a; {. v" b3 u Va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 E X6 x9 M! {4 o8 A6 q+ p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
8 O- r% m$ i4 G7 M0 z: a2 D _acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. _' T A4 f: x( n4 A* R
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- g6 b* h+ S1 F. Mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( v* c9 Z' c5 j5 b3 A! cThere are conflicting reports and controversy" [! k2 o% c* y! v5 O
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 c! n3 ]5 k- t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, q6 d9 ?) q& O7 R' p
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 c4 J# x- l9 w# @) G4 L. kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 N' y/ t) Z; `( t. c4 hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 [- J, Y" p d' G4 V
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 I( T1 D2 @2 i a; K. S7 n
penile length in clinical studies.
9 B# R" ]9 ?1 I) P6 g$ QNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. X% P. T. V& `0 q8 ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
# C; \% N) D a: otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ \. B' }4 V+ Z* N0 a/ x
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 c3 f8 g9 t' x) I9 g+ nAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of( a. d. r3 c% S' G5 m
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ i0 ?2 s' P# B2 c# t$ m4 h6 fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 ]' _2 B& ~& |2 ?% \. Lheight will not be affected.
+ }$ p y, w& G! ~/ ?- D3 n- j: ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: Z u6 G# J$ y/ U) t, N8 ?ability of androgen products in our society may! c3 v ?, c5 v" ?1 A* V4 c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female! A8 C% `- q+ Z" G% {9 j3 b+ z! D
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, |5 K8 K6 T2 y& s9 P8 t
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( u) c& t+ F# @tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! x/ c N6 k# x+ s) kgel should be asked of the family members during7 e: Y# U$ B9 n6 N! @; J" j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-" {2 L c9 o9 G. _) }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# g( U+ e: S$ |/ M8 Bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 q) Z4 r, N, T: z& w5 [* V9 J5 b! r# zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ o1 ~; y0 B7 M4 r; k7 |
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 P* P+ m9 \! t; p) kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: M! D7 C6 q7 f2 S; i3 f' M: y
investigation. The primary care physician should be
* w2 w( _; {( }2 r* e# b& V# Paware of this fact, because most of these children1 M) A3 h+ k$ U) i2 c6 X5 M4 S/ \
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, f( Q0 }# l7 d0 I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a \1 f( ~! e; ?# A) K4 g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. p- f" `! R* L& X# v' ]# q1 p
female child who might come in contact with some-; g+ P6 J3 H% n
one using any of these products.8 N* N1 z6 m' c, s
References
/ k. Y4 h: Z8 c" f! b) ]& i- @1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' r. Q, T" H/ ~8 J s9 v
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
h w. U( x; i9 a; w3 j1 N8 rEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& Q; R9 F3 q: f5 [, l) G4 t4 ~2002: 565-628.2 e# u9 z7 X. ]( ^9 s& `
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
! H! F4 c' l8 Z# w7 H4 S/ s* @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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