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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  y& Z( W7 K- g$ @
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
% O3 r% p+ Z0 C- [5 T2 S! ^! M: I" SExposure to Testosterone
2 W. o- b6 R  K5 Z, ZSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ |0 v" w/ e! C, Y% H9 iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* N* C- x1 J8 g* b/ U3 ?4 Z
Clinical Pediatrics
7 y+ ?: \, s9 MVolume 46 Number 6$ Q& R. F% X+ }; L. z
July 2007 540-543
6 x2 p  y. m( F) _© 2007 Sage Publications
# B5 Y$ f, m0 V4 ]; m2 E10.1177/0009922806296651
0 ?- h- c! x* {: X) Q2 ~http://clp.sagepub.com
4 b) f0 Y3 J  |8 u9 \5 w6 f( phosted at
4 d  a) B- T* r, u% \http://online.sagepub.com
0 G- `$ ~! j& k) u. E4 ~Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 I6 S8 ?. }, U. `8 Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central7 f5 ]; S" j5 m0 h: @! g+ N% m$ {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ F% D( u: U, N0 Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ ^& v0 d" e8 \' f9 y7 c- v+ K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 i$ |. x0 G3 y# J3 l. @$ R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 w  w! k' \& w' [' i
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 q" n. H, |+ J1 F
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* _& F& o$ t  Wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" i7 p$ n/ d3 m" ?, x0 ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 z% I: a) S( N- c7 denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 y* C: r- L) v8 Y/ \ment without testicular enlargement, which was due* U: c& z# C  }0 x; c4 M+ [
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ x5 k: _7 o8 x0 }
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ C! [' ]1 o, G0 \9 U; ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ l8 B0 v7 X4 U. T2 j
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; ]3 a1 c8 I) Z, l% z% X( M5 [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  Z5 T9 c9 M9 E8 }% E" B
bly more common than the rare case report in the" P7 J" r* E9 ^. r- L' {
literature.4
+ l4 C$ Z) V8 n5 Z+ }) ^8 cPatient Report
; m, ]/ W  c' G" w) p3 n% NA 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 F$ P* V8 s  J4 s0 T, `, [% v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 ]  `3 C% O1 G3 F1 C- A/ Gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
* V8 \4 d+ o# [/ A/ @% Alight colored pubic hair development when he was2 V" t  j! v8 {
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 F+ a  Q4 q& N( j2 o# i- S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ z9 N3 ~& D4 q5 ^& ?7 ~- eAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 a! v- M- y0 ?2 _4 c' a3 T/ GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 w% n3 g5 ?5 \. ?7 j2 f+ C  k9 \
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" f6 V7 P! l9 B! l$ R$ T9 S3 F
e-mail: [email protected].5 D$ f8 q. n2 |& y$ \1 d* Q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 Y" i  u( g* h7 c- j& b% }
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 E* c$ m1 V4 ~' I# x! l! Q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 E: ^1 g- F: z& V/ ?was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% C+ P; o' {8 X9 S# Y3 w+ \
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) B+ ^4 x; ]2 g& Z2 A8 A
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# }, l; u7 Z+ C, k3 l5 r% n
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: C. z4 @8 f0 X4 N0 Lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; {8 T/ ?' |3 G) ?4 r4 Band his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ f5 Q1 B7 R# o2 f( S( B
was age appropriate.
! [! x" A9 z6 P' AThe family history was remarkable for the father,, K% ^- c8 X1 B; a1 x- t5 N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ e- u: t- o- t4 R6 ?' N8 Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 X# b, S6 Z: ?* v
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 x9 P, k# \  V+ `, u+ Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# V" h1 s& i$ d9 JThe father denied taking any other medication. The
0 W* W* }9 @- d$ X  c% pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. F+ ^  |6 o; d4 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; T) U5 m+ B+ z: c) a) U# T0 i' S
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 O; b$ O4 ~% d: v9 @) C" ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ c* I. W7 L, M7 htives. There were no siblings.0 {/ \3 V0 U/ I) T
Physical Examination
5 @/ O' |' h' J3 y. f4 eThe physical examination revealed a very active,9 x2 `0 k3 X4 U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" n1 y: c% ]6 z5 F+ k2 i, |; X  Qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 e* g. v& G# X- S3 f$ t+ u90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 b7 N! u7 s% U1 f+ O$ o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
( ?2 i2 P' ~/ z: o* C8 uvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 \9 u" Q& M- k1 ~; s6 _
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.# V' `4 k0 R! k  s( s7 S0 j
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for5 q2 X4 {+ ^/ N, p: O8 f& z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ P+ R$ J3 V7 z) L5 I! k% s
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% i( w, V6 _0 i- w
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 w. o7 l" \8 `, C% Y8 X: w$ M540
% R' e$ W# Q" q6 F' i6 h# ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 w9 C! F7 k! X: X% J% Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. @: f1 H: Z" k. l+ \. D; `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- W+ H( F3 T  a& X
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& a: p( Y2 V' m! Boily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' N  D- g8 b( a9 \1 a1 s5 m. L
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" o+ O% z5 [$ g, A1 V: Q. FNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 I; P) G" j4 S  W: o$ k, lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion  a, ^! }% w# v
of papilledema.
. k* i* Q5 m# [2 H) J5 p% SLaboratory Evaluation0 |' G; Y* }5 `7 u8 L
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" c: c% G7 s5 K; Y$ [, Susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ y* k1 @( ]& J" [* M4 I8 l1 Y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) N7 [4 q3 O/ u" Q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  r( G5 z% E% m1 C2 w1 k9 p! ~showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' R8 {  @& }2 R5 D
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
) Z: f! p/ ]1 p  o1 P. [6 U1 _& rThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' w; e7 L. ]# Vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were1 X6 z, u6 m. Y) V+ m7 F, j1 Q
within normal range for his age. The concentration, K% {; w9 H# `  u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 k; {  H8 j; _+ I$ I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; S+ h4 Y8 I1 y( w$ Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 ~0 O" U: _; ?4 Lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ g  F3 X8 ^0 q; l( D1 Odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' f$ ]% t% |& W5 F: l2 q* ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 \% U# n9 p5 K" H3 o7 D" ~
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: D1 t6 a  K" G7 Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
' j6 R' h, t0 `5 n" Stestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 Z( P; Y* ~  X9 ^$ z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than% x- o3 C" p  o% R6 [) y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 `0 G' U* U& P5 Kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" }- F+ X( U* L8 k# zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% f8 f  U, v" c0 r; y2 L/ z
(prepubertal).' o4 ]5 U8 s# D* e6 ~6 O
The parents were notified about the laboratory
3 g# s+ o/ \5 Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were* n/ h7 i/ i6 C' i; R9 P
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 {1 j. @2 h  E7 Z% e" Efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( _1 K+ g, M+ E$ Y6 d* Q5 O0 nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
5 w- c! S7 Q  E+ @: ]* z, _. d9 t3 Pever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 H" o" z2 z0 `2 g% E/ l
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 R3 I/ F  c1 l
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ U  t+ h4 T/ D" t6 K8 ~
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained3 ], i& k0 b' S8 w3 U2 ]
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 x. j: H& D  H( H1 ~& ?; K8 I
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. B7 ]% L9 O6 D
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 e- B: }4 F! h  V: ^" F8 E% cmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 D0 K" e' n( I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ u$ N, L" G( ]) hing frequent erections.
4 l+ P. R# y6 LBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# \6 U* z5 B$ h1 l, Oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to. L2 q2 M7 `( G8 r9 k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, q# j4 p" R' Z- D4 F4 v' y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541: G1 _! M* U* V3 B
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 V6 X% c( ^2 h, b. W) m# Q% d
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ c  k" z5 v2 d3 R/ m5 I
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. r6 D/ z. J, W6 S7 hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! N  O  _3 ?# N: uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ r2 D: d. L% b) {6 L! j2 q
secondary to depression." z( q& B+ b) g- M6 I* {
The child slept in the same bed with parents.4 F( ~+ ]9 S: v/ h( J- x) }9 W
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) V5 q7 [& c0 ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# e. }( o6 [) U
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 l6 o/ [5 P" O9 I$ a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# d% v& C( ?* ~4 d. s: Jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ v2 ?' \4 @& n5 S$ f. o
was high, he then read the product information1 t0 H4 j5 w& _; V! E
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- l$ L+ R- O3 n# H; P7 Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; o, }9 s! U! Q. y7 S! Hdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 x2 ^2 B& l% k( l* ^
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had* _! v6 B; a' z8 V' ^1 i5 ^
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 g8 s/ I9 v: c6 q, i. dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 S, [) ~, k- v9 Vlaboratory to obtain the test." ]' P, Q$ p! _4 r
Discussion
; l3 k4 p- d& M1 _Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( v+ `0 _1 X( i* o; u1 K; d5 hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ V4 O7 u8 c7 Y' z  M2 IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 y4 H0 z* o1 Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! L% e" _. }0 X7 z+ E# mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ |, t. E" H" \+ ^% ^! W
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  q, M4 [# J+ A0 y4 z4 @- l
may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 c. V9 y" q5 D/ A
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
' c" A# f6 Y- D( `3 eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 }4 V, y$ T, z7 J4 [0 `
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 v) p% I* X8 @! I* U1 @
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ X: `1 a) J0 e6 x. Gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 m& [" s5 p4 B, w* d) S5 v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by- `7 E8 T1 q" t& @$ F) J- V
gonadotropins.1,3) N9 S2 ^& u+ k; x6 I  Y; ]
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, m, E4 c) F* w/ n' q2 k; O
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" E& ^/ ]; c8 x8 Z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or) B! V, ?- W& t/ [  O
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-* T) V% I/ x/ J; Y$ O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& k. E2 r8 u0 q. N: i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ M# {) _: K! B& k2 a! E3 t9 l; \
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
- i( `2 S# ~. r, E2 lpuberty in boys.3,46 F* j+ W- g9 E  O) O5 A% a3 R1 |
The most common form of congenital adrenal+ A7 _1 j5 m. u7 H8 _  B: [. Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 G( L8 }0 A" W* {) c
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 x! ^( A; M. {1 g0 {; u0 |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 f# o' J8 h# e  x2 `( K: }  Y
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% K9 `+ x& N& \+ i1 Jexcess.1,3( Z# K- G7 O; ~. N* |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: y0 }" b* I, I
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. _( Y9 Z' F3 U; qA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& h$ v: P0 v: O! s- pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known* M8 [; x& T" Z4 {
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* x0 K4 d' T5 V# u2 l  D% b, |very young age. The physical findings in these boys
' I7 I+ z/ c6 `, x/ W3 M3 I8 ~with this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 u+ a; L. j! q- O4 ~% ^( E( Zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, Q1 l+ S" x8 }& b" Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ x# X8 M, C4 H- e' n% g
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" o+ Z; K3 k2 c/ mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ q' k9 i- [7 H% Y" J! hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: C6 ~. @' Q" n. X1 `
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- Z' J. f! {. ?, f# ~- v+ vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
' m5 s! U5 j7 t0 amay have similar precocious puberty.3- ]" K/ [' w3 L! e5 Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 M6 v& X3 u+ z( d! W6 [, z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 P# c0 j6 ~$ {; |8 ~* h# _
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ O7 M5 S8 u: P+ T0 J& C  P. G* W
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ R3 x6 @' F" V$ \: U4 L# Ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,+ A+ {( m! g: Q+ G0 o8 R
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- t0 e0 z' H  [$ U
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) {( w( s( h- A5 D" lative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ ^) w! |9 z1 H1 y* @7 o
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& |% |- e* T3 f; n' @$ Reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ Y: T6 k- W8 [$ U: f. ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 K4 V- H; n" u% J/ r% X
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; `# x  z7 {5 Z9 W3 W# F! `
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 z+ `4 j3 j6 K: x* }/ F% |suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: v8 f- Y2 _2 o' H) f
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' m3 J" g& v1 u3 i  vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ g- N% @7 u. a- w' j) ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& j: W& I+ s  D5 M3 ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ W" j# R/ B/ f( p: G) Y' Lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’  r9 c4 N' {8 o" |
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
1 h4 a' a8 _0 `* d; Lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' F0 W9 w5 E* S/ w+ T1 D' \
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& F( E) v3 Q! B7 Z, Z. G4 [- mSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% h7 ?; D/ S+ q4 S
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' `5 ]8 _" d' C8 h, M; G- e7 {
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" b1 _" _! l+ \6 }' x' q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. L& D+ p1 f1 @  k: w* [
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- R5 S5 [8 |5 k1 x: @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! g  W# J7 J. N( iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 I6 ]/ N, K4 a3 C3 x! K$ Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 r6 k2 {$ w" Y! l0 Vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) v/ W1 i; R  O8 J
active in young children exposed to testosterone
$ S+ r" n9 f' X: ~exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: d  ]- ~: R  x. d9 o
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. w% f% f& W6 j+ }1 M8 ?) B6 \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 I. |7 U0 }+ f% i8 p. uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
# D0 V* r* O6 ]advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 L# ~! A7 l, e  E- u% z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 B* A. R- l' U$ C3 ?- K) A+ i
early childhood on pubertal development and final( n1 @) O. i$ F* q
adult height are not fully known and always remain
, _$ a; {. v" b3 u  Va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 E  X6 x9 M! {4 o8 A6 q+ p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
8 O- r% m$ i4 G7 M0 z: a2 D  _acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. _' T  A4 f: x( n4 A* R
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- g6 b* h+ S1 F. Mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( v* c9 Z' c5 j5 b3 A! cThere are conflicting reports and controversy" [! k2 o% c* y! v5 O
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 c! n3 ]5 k- t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, q6 d9 ?) q& O7 R' p
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 c4 J# x- l9 w# @) G4 L. kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 N' y/ t) Z; `( t. c4 hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 [- J, Y" p  d' G4 V
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 I( T1 D2 @2 i  a; K. S7 n
penile length in clinical studies.
9 B# R" ]9 ?1 I) P6 g$ QNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. X% P. T. V& `0 q8 ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
# C; \% N) D  a: otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ \. B' }4 V+ Z* N0 a/ x
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 c3 f8 g9 t' x) I9 g+ nAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of( a. d. r3 c% S' G5 m
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ i0 ?2 s' P# B2 c# t$ m4 h6 fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 ]' _2 B& ~& |2 ?% \. Lheight will not be affected.
+ }$ p  y, w& G! ~/ ?- D3 n- j: ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: Z  u6 G# J$ y/ U) t, N8 ?ability of androgen products in our society may! c3 v  ?, c5 v" ?1 A* V4 c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female! A8 C% `- q+ Z" G% {9 j3 b+ z! D
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, |5 K8 K6 T2 y& s9 P8 t
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( u) c& t+ F# @tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! x/ c  N6 k# x+ s) kgel should be asked of the family members during7 e: Y# U$ B9 n6 N! @; J" j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-" {2 L  c9 o9 G. _) }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# g( U+ e: S$ |/ M8 Bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 q) Z4 r, N, T: z& w5 [* V9 J5 b! r# zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ o1 ~; y0 B7 M4 r; k7 |
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 P* P+ m9 \! t; p) kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: M! D7 C6 q7 f2 S; i3 f' M: y
investigation. The primary care physician should be
* w2 w( _; {( }2 r* e# b& V# Paware of this fact, because most of these children1 M) A3 h+ k$ U) i2 c6 X5 M4 S/ \
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, f( Q0 }# l7 d0 I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a  \1 f( ~! e; ?# A) K4 g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. p- f" `! R* L& X# v' ]# q1 p
female child who might come in contact with some-; g+ P6 J3 H% n
one using any of these products.8 N* N1 z6 m' c, s
References
/ k. Y4 h: Z8 c" f! b) ]& i- @1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' r. Q, T" H/ ~8 J  s9 v
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  h  w. U( x; i9 a; w3 j1 N8 rEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& Q; R9 F3 q: f5 [, l) G4 t4 ~2002: 565-628.2 e# u9 z7 X. ]( ^9 s& `
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
! H! F4 c' l8 Z# w7 H4 S/ s* @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; P! X& n, }/ T+ q. d# ?6 xBoy Induced by Indirect Topical3 T$ g! t7 k2 j6 K( x5 K
Exposure to Testosterone( U  O, E! g6 W, R" z1 v- W2 J
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 k/ A- @7 `8 p5 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 H, q1 m; `7 n; l0 Y1 x, zClinical Pediatrics
) T' B. R2 M; V; v9 YVolume 46 Number 6
1 i* |( T2 y9 M) sJuly 2007 540-543
2 X& y& v. R5 x" c. y/ \, \© 2007 Sage Publications
4 {0 y" b& K% L8 o- b% [* P10.1177/0009922806296651# n- R, W1 b( J; u
http://clp.sagepub.com( [2 `' y# |8 v( N
hosted at  }- T, X# J- b# ~
http://online.sagepub.com/ L3 F! M# \) X8 Q% F7 I( `$ O
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 s. w# _% I+ ?* n& h" V4 tis a significant concern for physicians. Central
1 M! T2 I7 b2 D+ z# {; ?1 zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- n( }9 H0 S& o* M4 K# othrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ f5 N$ L, x( g9 K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 N, B: q( X" qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
' W% y$ w+ `+ H' j5 Z1 Hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# T0 C$ V9 v8 a/ T0 W! I
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! u7 }$ ~7 Q3 V* q/ P  P) E) `( Z
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 L! w5 A8 ^7 }9 C/ c
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 k8 D. B9 L3 G: L6 e# Denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% _( h$ i6 e/ a- z$ t1 Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due8 |; d# P" a; U) K. O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
  A' l( o$ Q5 a4 w/ o/ h+ s# i3 ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. X; ?7 r  a- {" m
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% W% q3 n) o! n7 fchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of: u" a8 M% h! P( ~; i
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ w. ]' i" w: E( Cbly more common than the rare case report in the
- t5 V; C, V0 J8 ^9 A+ U  ~literature.4
' }! j% G0 V/ H" |: KPatient Report& Q8 C0 X# l% H* d
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% S$ M- o" T/ U  o
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 V, j; A1 J4 l% b# x* r, E  E9 D
of early sexual development. His mother noticed( n4 i7 m. U. R+ A/ C5 u
light colored pubic hair development when he was6 H2 o# `4 |8 @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, I" d" W' H' {+ b( ~0 r/ Y$ h* @
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( i8 i' G8 h. k, g* z/ V. }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& c  K8 [+ _( l: |# v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
- a- U! e( @- P4 @% qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 O# W6 F$ `" C( l
e-mail: [email protected].
# |# e% W9 L/ |/ x5 E5 Iabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  V4 L6 n: t) E5 f/ l9 I
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 q! s3 i& o- tment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! q1 G0 a! e. {' z8 G" Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
; x$ r+ |( i, G4 d( G1 N; va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ ]/ T9 ]8 Y  @9 @8 k# ]) z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; f3 K/ X/ f+ l& O: R  l; [
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 d/ ]$ G9 Q) R1 s0 y8 r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 {: b: l/ E, B  Rand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( Q: `5 W% B2 \1 cwas age appropriate.7 x1 K) ^+ W/ J7 a4 }  |
The family history was remarkable for the father,
7 a1 V1 k) P. @* ~% S' u( u7 Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 Q1 g$ P: [8 `1 j! ]
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" E* ]8 \0 Q0 {" M6 \5 g
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' e$ m2 f- t; i" c& C
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 z$ ]5 E- u$ d8 j5 A) Q% q
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 C- g( Q1 m4 Z) D0 S2 Y& z3 M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ j6 j! k3 W! H8 R" Z# L1 `was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! K' j  Q6 r+ _: \6 @# K' D, D0 I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-7 _8 q9 j0 Z* @' G8 i
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ Z% M  v6 b+ s4 O" E
tives. There were no siblings.2 C: r. j/ M6 G0 H  I9 T  }7 O
Physical Examination
7 m0 _) c% _0 {2 o8 ]4 wThe physical examination revealed a very active,
; w$ |. C$ i% `playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* W, Q2 w, }/ h! p; P
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 W- E/ k7 S1 S6 z5 A4 R8 Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 p0 p. `9 a3 Y/ u3 @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& u2 M0 a4 k6 Avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of0 U6 G. u1 b) D
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
6 _" }. w" M. ?6 \) |6 \& |The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 A8 ?% K/ f8 Z3 j: genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( z; B% t- T2 k& N) \
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well" [0 x. N! G8 Q8 t0 ^& g
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: k# n$ l! o( x' j- |$ \540" L: }% I, `9 F( j5 v# I2 G
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 E+ m  Q  _- ~# Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 |; L: ^2 J; r2 J1 |. V
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
% W3 z. Y' F" j( y2 G# XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 j5 e; {! o8 D6 ~# ]. j3 B/ l
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ p( f& f; G2 M* M' D& [abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, S: |% e& w4 `0 ~+ SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ l% W% B' X% {- |9 q$ @0 `6 Ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ g/ x  F) \: ]9 [6 X& ?9 |4 R1 a
of papilledema.
/ T( r, z6 j- ]; c$ U1 ~Laboratory Evaluation
1 ~, {4 m1 I6 s' h& U) D/ {0 V  @The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 v) R1 `8 l* Q
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  [+ t3 P7 w& G7 I+ Z0 ~8 f& C# C
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 Q9 A8 w- z# d+ Y% l: M9 }
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. c/ l/ N& i/ k* T4 _# W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ p6 [. B1 M# Z: \0 \+ w* Ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
- y" v3 L) G% b) T  _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 t3 a6 h$ R) [0 q/ B( q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ |3 O- O# x4 ?+ |0 W  U
within normal range for his age. The concentration& J5 z( T. T4 ^  p! r
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 p( b7 r6 _6 A! y, ^(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# k+ o: D" F2 O/ ]' g
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- n( {1 M, l3 R: o6 L4 a
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 N) ]1 t$ t$ X" Y  S2 m
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' f7 i! `; |$ J9 v- g+ @$ Q! \7 t49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ y! x. z; d* V5 z. {  l
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 ~7 ~# _! b4 ?& |
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% y. R; @4 K' ^" F9 h  o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," v  v: t9 h2 |8 E3 A6 R5 V
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
* I# j& a- e( `* ?" L# c5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ T+ f7 e4 P6 v' m$ v. z: Nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) d$ A! C; i7 y1 X( F, L& Y1 Wconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, q$ X$ G- V* K3 c, {  W
(prepubertal).# X' g9 S4 S- z1 g3 O
The parents were notified about the laboratory
% |) ?. ^6 Q0 ?- L/ J- f0 D9 Oresults and were informed that all of the tests were: b* j; h- R' q9 ^  j$ D) H
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 b3 w/ @4 M7 N0 V; I; dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% U% M* I  g! s" y) e7 `& A! E; oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  N- |9 b9 }" H( r" i6 kever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 Q3 ?! |4 f: L  ]1 wPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 l; B% M" \8 e0 t; J
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 U4 Z. a, `  Q* ]- n2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ M' Y: r9 y8 v7 O7 {unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ l/ ~1 C8 r, |/ Vpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# g# R7 N, u2 j8 Y& L4 ?* Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 V0 R7 _  y5 X2 k
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.$ D% R6 C: x0 x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: D* r+ J' X$ l7 }7 I: j$ V
ing frequent erections.5 b: ?- B# ~* O7 }. N
Both parents were again questioned about use of. Y* w# ?. M; n9 i3 m" u. C; T
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& \& f; I" \2 m' |2 Wthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( ~) D$ ]' y  |3 R$ c- Z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 i4 y4 P7 k! T' |% ]% P
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-0 ?2 V- w4 o& b3 J( `& V
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 e/ |# G. s6 j0 R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 S  G3 Y* s" v2 B$ Jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, a7 N, ?: R% R
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 m; x+ F; o$ d! w) z
secondary to depression.
: G, q5 V/ i& _0 ]7 R# f8 RThe child slept in the same bed with parents.* j1 L1 S& }. ?7 x
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) T* m6 V8 Y5 S' P) ^: l* n0 ~5 Y9 xchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; B0 h1 K- |) P& k% g$ rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.3 q1 |2 n+ }; Q, s9 V3 O0 H/ y% j
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. ]1 k' ~7 v2 G" i8 M& Rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby. E9 t: z3 F  o7 v/ h6 H+ \/ o7 `; x; w
was high, he then read the product information. E2 j/ U* b1 r2 ?1 h$ G
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' q: L0 s7 s) e2 }; K
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they- [6 r3 N$ X, ?+ m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 C/ X( z+ Z- {) P# ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had( B$ x; ]8 D5 s# l! ]3 k) p
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 Q1 L2 h4 x  ?; R' ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; v- \8 d* s. Z% A
laboratory to obtain the test.4 P, G& t4 N1 h) j3 B/ L4 a
Discussion
/ o. l+ p0 O+ `$ e( y8 zPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary5 n3 b6 R3 |2 u* p" U' I/ U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 w7 b7 Y7 S" v; b2 i6 WPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 w. q8 s& v+ O# e% ]" iit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 F2 j9 [) k* x
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( t6 B8 z2 V. D; F+ O+ Nmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: D: l; n  j' j+ X5 \' a6 t" A
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 `3 ?: ~/ c0 mresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 H7 }0 Y, O# n. m4 ~1 B  Y+ N: Bamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' q4 R4 ?! S" b! r% Z' n
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in- K2 s/ J( @& J+ r) n) ~2 m
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-* \- |( i% p" y( |. R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% E! N6 i% L  {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, v& R$ y/ p" z7 j' U) l1 ~
gonadotropins.1,32 i# U. x4 M# i/ z# E  a+ s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, ]+ _2 o. g3 I6 ^4 P' B$ G9 `cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate6 V2 x" U" g: l7 o2 S4 g4 \0 U
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 J% k" I: L! W- m/ Wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" C% V* S3 k. x4 \+ @- _; x
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
; \- p6 q! l5 E9 `1 m( Bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& b* u  o3 m: ~6 A; ~3 Kadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ K, i2 p  ~5 ^% n1 v
puberty in boys.3,4
% A# |5 Z$ O  N; w4 }3 NThe most common form of congenital adrenal0 ~2 w' h3 E% L+ _
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: [9 H* P% q8 ?+ ?" wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 j2 E! {! e+ y4 B; Sexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' U$ t% \% H8 V- M3 }' G
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
$ {& V& l4 U4 W. ]; X- uexcess.1,3
4 ?, V4 m# [( e( c6 sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ N2 M( h3 Q( \' l7 R
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 O' `2 }  P* }2 ]/ X+ a; J( A* sA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
/ c* t, E+ {/ q+ _) Sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known% S5 r+ U  ^3 N5 g& p1 W2 `8 ?, r2 H
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 p- ^* Y$ f' V( h9 J
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
8 ?2 |# }7 P6 h: q/ h' Vwith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 S6 ?/ y: U9 X* |; j& I3 S
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" J$ R0 {; c6 h$ C5 p/ k& `
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 o% U: y4 y+ X5 s% M7 p5 ~are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' u# }9 h! c( Fpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
/ n' S# A  b7 s& ^releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, }0 o. y7 G, b7 ^" \% t
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 P6 B' i& \0 M# Q7 R: Y! _males; therefore, other male members of the family  Q1 V: K, i5 n- p* k/ e
may have similar precocious puberty.3/ g) y' s+ e; _) Y, _
In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 e' L3 m+ ?: W$ r5 g  x. _
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( S! ]8 u% ], Z9 U; B1 p' R% X" Q
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- @% F2 d! C0 R7 Z) `was in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 W9 q7 L5 X" |% ~) m" ^started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,+ S9 G% ~8 x' _3 _0 i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 q2 t' T3 g$ ebeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 D" ~! L) t# Y) E8 W8 D- gative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 }  |' }- r, y/ U1 z1 H  Xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 [1 {: _& q: e# y7 e
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 j- Y3 U2 d8 r5 ~8 hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. Q7 q8 G; k. H2 Ding the normal level of adrenal steroids.$ K& f$ R5 X! x6 X8 ^1 U
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
# v! a. \. c8 S  asuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  |  m! B6 E1 k1 x3 ]- Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 K5 x, s- R' k2 J' ~$ j
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 V/ }( E6 q9 I5 V  B, ]$ M( M
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 T+ ], L8 C' J# K! @# |terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
8 m$ U: }! e2 wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# a3 H! k4 q. J- M4 f5 b! O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# |1 n- U; L( n5 _% [; Q% n+ scream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 Z% T, M! F& f' x" Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 {( K) ~" l; b. w2 O2 N" ]
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ [: \6 z1 C: `1 o
baseline value in those females who were exposed to( N3 [, q3 A  T, v; K, Z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 W) ]" O$ b2 X# C. I% I
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! v" m2 e! ~% f: a1 W
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ t+ S+ p  n& ]Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& \* R$ t- W- Z, ~& _3 |0 Nwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! G* E) A' {- P) e- v% Qdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  Y! H" e( l3 M2 X: F) l% Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- w- l% i$ L/ x& U4 `7 E: X
active in young children exposed to testosterone
$ ^  o' g$ y$ n. I2 ]exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! N6 m3 t" }# j) E  N, m# U8 `: `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' G; {/ {- x3 [) @6 }: B; b- j
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( t: `0 J4 c* ~& ^/ a1 T/ n$ O: `children results in an increase in growth velocity and' Z$ d, f- ^/ ~% \
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 K# K. n  v. ?- ^
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: [; q5 }4 o. |% vearly childhood on pubertal development and final
6 m8 m$ C0 ?1 r% v, a: r# c+ k% fadult height are not fully known and always remain
9 d9 c% R( U' C3 p% M& z) Ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ f6 C& |! P. M. S0 a) }) Mterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 e! ~- o5 f1 r# G5 P, v. K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) p$ L! X  T2 s  G0 B
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 K6 `& m0 B6 s1 V  d" Adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 v1 o2 c$ t5 A2 g4 r. s' l2 ^* a8 zThere are conflicting reports and controversy7 |' ^8 t) j- m. d
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 \4 r! ^" C  o$ z, u
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal0 U4 K# z) V3 u' q$ N9 [
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-1 U8 V7 A% e$ m0 j
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) [, w& l. H  t+ Q& v
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 N7 e* Q6 x0 l
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; a: E& S0 u8 E9 u9 ~
penile length in clinical studies.7 C6 q0 m" d! |9 V% W6 I5 h% l& g# o% W
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* m- D( J* k- b9 `going to experience any of the untoward effects from
* h1 G8 n- P3 Z8 N7 i9 K4 \testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 E! r- Q# }1 |6 T2 uthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 k$ k3 K9 y4 CAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of2 F3 k" s. d; v- s% k
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ |: k: K4 R  _" p* c" [the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% Z) Z, ~9 l/ b
height will not be affected.
7 e/ H- m) T  I9 U: T8 D( a$ HAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-* E/ u. Z( \" u+ E
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 ]8 J- [$ }- Findeed cause more virilization in male or female2 z& H) Z8 |) X6 R8 @
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& o8 {3 ?- |# ~* N% Ggen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ T! G2 f# T$ T& a) `% K, g; Jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! d8 c4 A9 C( Y, q/ f8 Pgel should be asked of the family members during
& X- [/ d% t/ P# Zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
  I" I/ G5 a7 V% a# n- zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ g+ Y( Y. _8 P$ s8 b- ^* q! M+ ^
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 r( C# b2 s# l1 D: @. d. y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a0 d6 ?. H; ?' @4 k
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 q9 V) O! _* v# E+ ?7 \
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: t2 `$ ?" g! Z- J" ^) E& D
investigation. The primary care physician should be
) y6 L  ^  c( W$ \+ G. Oaware of this fact, because most of these children3 v: |$ p" X2 y1 D. r+ I6 e" ]- f" ~
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’* S- `  k; x6 m) u1 @
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 u; t2 L' }$ T: z5 D, rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or' G. _8 D% }" U* m" s' i, `
female child who might come in contact with some-5 j  A' U" D: n+ d/ L8 s1 F- s5 b
one using any of these products.
6 s' p0 ?9 F9 RReferences
) |' m  y4 J% n( F* X7 O, t1 Y& m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
( u4 D) e; h! U) |and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ k- o# r, e( W/ L6 ~
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ o- ~, K5 ^& m0 c% B1 U; U" a2002: 565-628.
4 L1 {) R$ i% Z  J& ^& Z' e& k: C$ M/ [2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious  e2 w: p9 r. g6 v% ~+ y7 m
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
7 g( E5 U3 g0 e% A- y
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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