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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 J! E! o" D' T
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
8 H2 A* ?; i9 ~. OExposure to Testosterone
2 X$ ^. K: p* d! S( `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  O# p* h4 y- i( j0 ^8 s$ rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; Y8 P! ~) D7 \- e% j, |" mClinical Pediatrics
- o( q7 o( n$ {: ~  eVolume 46 Number 6
2 Z$ T: e. Z! |3 B  sJuly 2007 540-543' _; v+ g! i2 ]: G+ k5 V
© 2007 Sage Publications: I7 V8 \( o' B0 O" F
10.1177/0009922806296651
* s; i3 r% y3 J; U( g" a2 b; Fhttp://clp.sagepub.com% B4 s1 k- X$ Q" w2 P; R
hosted at
& f9 W) T# O3 Vhttp://online.sagepub.com: l) P6 K4 o) v8 }5 H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( b7 z# @/ D5 ?% N
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' l5 K( ~# _3 P, a9 M% {! @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. n: P  u' @6 U! h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# \. N* J: _* k& o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( _' w; p# G6 _8 P) {4 B" mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, ?+ V# b$ N; [& J) Lby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic  K5 j) [( J3 ^: U# {, U1 m3 {+ L6 G
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 i7 J9 V& D. @" z. J; e; b- m* N) C1 ?
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* Q  p/ {' `: U& n' T
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( ^# v$ e; c  ]% L9 [7 [& Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 g3 A0 O3 y+ j, k1 \1 P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due3 p! L/ i% L$ G7 o
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# }3 A! f% N/ q* z  C  Lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) V. ]9 t7 h$ J+ ?  ^  dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ \% ?2 Z4 |* D4 H0 e, e
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% \+ T# [6 {8 d8 Y$ |9 q9 [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- j, v/ n* y% \1 L
bly more common than the rare case report in the
. n# e) ^& S4 X: m$ k6 g1 ~literature.4* `! O# i) a! V  ]$ ?. T9 @" P
Patient Report5 }3 d8 ^3 ~% n' H; J% P# [: x, j% O
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the$ l# w- X6 o( I2 Q& F; j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 t+ T5 t& N7 t- Y$ p% T. qof early sexual development. His mother noticed1 G% H& D! v% U+ R7 B" L
light colored pubic hair development when he was
* ^. ~* R0 e) K/ J+ y1 E7 ?From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; F/ b4 i! g+ y* l% [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 S4 P1 m0 z: `6 o8 `+ B/ s! W% {Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 C9 T. v& v& J: g0 _1 uProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; `4 p/ r2 O7 V9 z1 F) V; @3 K
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 T5 L8 V9 i8 B- ~2 o+ I# a: me-mail: [email protected].2 w" A8 t  x  ^4 U1 t
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. U8 g0 Z# L* J' E5 L5 Y1 I. }
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. N( G" k6 g  G- Sment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& y" t" J' X* D( w6 T3 k# Lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  m+ ~' u, J: F( Z! va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ z( T$ e1 E. x$ P+ e# \  n3 ?, q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; W' P. H# b7 b
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
( [- N4 n: Z# [2 G6 E$ P# {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
! a! E" T( p. }/ `7 ]9 zand his psychosocial and psychomotor development2 |1 C; n/ o: w- F& q
was age appropriate., |; r  q# z8 @+ p
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 X( ^/ `2 ^4 y: _* O/ h# q; u, |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
- n+ N3 Q  t* q% @9 n; C/ b& kwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, p* c; ~/ m8 e$ s1 Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 O& v  \& P5 o1 x. ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 N: }( b5 i6 N7 E, PThe father denied taking any other medication. The
5 J* ~$ M5 g% [5 {0 T, e  Echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 ?/ g& Y; {1 {+ G
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' d' @4 g& _# h/ i7 p5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 Y$ ]; @/ w2 R( C8 i" w
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! y# K% o2 U/ G. V7 Y
tives. There were no siblings.0 s' |% B3 E7 t
Physical Examination
; ^4 q! D& a* Q% H- n- p3 MThe physical examination revealed a very active,& j2 ^, r5 h! l' U5 Z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
  N/ t0 j% f$ a& g* H/ S5 h5 za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( C3 f& f8 L, h! c7 w8 C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg4 _7 {% r5 M& T$ h/ e+ _. Y6 u
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
! L5 m/ ^$ {) t( I( s6 _velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: \, U. E4 J9 l) u, {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. d( j2 Z4 @6 S: O5 J4 m5 x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 f2 i2 P" _8 g/ [7 Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
) v2 s( U" K, D1 F: \" [! U8 c4 Y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' F$ a8 U: q, G6 _2 m/ P) s* Q1 v; l
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around' p' h% \& z% H6 L3 L4 y
5402 w  K3 a* g/ a, H. {( [) r! P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. @5 _" c- j( i4 x  n/ dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
8 A+ t( \- g+ w# \testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! K$ c' u' H/ X; d3 bThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- m8 O1 K3 E* ]. Qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ s3 t( ]; ^% t* h# B: y! @& J
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 q( v+ K7 ~* E. |. t6 L% ~% c4 s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( }0 D. G5 P  {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# ?# N) a2 {4 d1 M
of papilledema./ ]4 F$ d$ u0 }. l* Q3 {, I
Laboratory Evaluation
( p+ S8 ^5 K5 H  ~! H0 M" E( eThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 W) y% b  J9 ]using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 N' t  |5 Z  S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 Q9 C- v- `) R6 Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: S2 I" t, X5 Mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# I5 ^) W5 G7 ^$ L" q4 @( [) K3 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ m) W3 D* I/ `6 F9 S* ~8 @The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; d- m1 A# `6 L8 M$ H: ^
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ j$ U9 ]9 ?9 L2 q$ ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 K& ]% Y9 a$ h2 gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL- z4 g! Y) @6 r. D1 p
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: h! u& H* r/ K8 D9 b, k# o
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 s. c4 G4 t( A( e* |* W, T1 H
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
0 e5 C. ~8 {1 t6 R; T% Edesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ F7 l  |/ z3 Q: t( J% u/ C3 v49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)+ N1 \  G( F1 v: y" ~
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 D7 D' X3 N, O% Z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ _9 q6 z  e6 K7 g; p9 c
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),! y2 N% G1 `6 |2 t
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than2 J! u  C$ e$ [3 V& D. K
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: y9 u& I9 a. j  n
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 B' p" G1 C: s9 k$ I0 t
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ |, ?$ X& v6 _" Y(prepubertal)." A2 q9 w6 G% K% R8 {
The parents were notified about the laboratory
/ }+ y3 b; v2 o* lresults and were informed that all of the tests were8 E# G' u1 m# [* c9 S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The/ s* d7 x8 e7 F3 Q3 i; Y8 F  {* D" G
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 u) f0 z# W% Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-4 H' U3 c0 J' F* Q- `. l
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.* ~/ R7 f; s) J" }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the5 E6 A3 S7 u- R: E3 h
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# N3 `& d% J$ ^/ ?" Y7 I( I! I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 V0 d" W2 X& [, t8 ?. Q: junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, \* p& k* B; b, G8 p  rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 T" }, u7 }7 h  q4 xthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  L* W' y* Y8 A. Y0 r# M0 PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." Y# r- h" v; w+ Y9 T1 B  v4 {
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: t' i3 f: r* E0 N4 B  S
ing frequent erections.' Q* ?/ O7 h; p1 ]
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ A+ y2 t: n+ k2 \2 x& ^
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- p9 i5 }, M1 k  x9 C' ?9 q
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 o1 A) W) V2 n7 {7 x
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. K' `4 v) B' N$ o' f' x; Ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 i" ~; O8 ~& x$ P. O8 ning over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 Z! @" M2 f( Z* o9 y+ B
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) C2 y% {* l$ Q' y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( \3 u5 p# J. g8 m& r
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 a  ^, y' O( E/ s# Ksecondary to depression.
( l+ v' f( G9 v3 {+ s6 eThe child slept in the same bed with parents.6 |( _5 ~+ ^4 i
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! C$ p- c- R5 Y  ~+ C/ c
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-; G& ?1 ~; P" F+ z" ?2 i" v
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 y/ Y7 B! B% M/ b: _
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
  Q( S, T. i+ s- g& fwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ G3 S- h. Z% J/ H9 c! D* V0 }was high, he then read the product information( }- Q3 T% N: v
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 \$ y8 G* [* q- c. ~% o5 x5 mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" W3 M" a0 K. [# b/ v* ]. W5 x
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 {6 H3 g1 s  {3 j# L4 _! P, |, N, ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 Y) b, ?- U8 w$ q) o- T0 \) T) p8 U
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  T+ |3 I2 K+ j1 P" D) Ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 \* F- T( o: ?& ^; Slaboratory to obtain the test.7 d  X4 ~2 F$ V' _7 v8 N& @
Discussion$ f( f/ d( [3 \
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: a! H/ h% e% P; h& y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ L/ ]. x5 V% u: J! g# S" H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 M2 w7 \& o3 G: u7 O
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-: V; y/ E8 B. q4 o1 S
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  ?- `" ^7 L, r1 ]mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) q+ M9 @& ~$ r/ W+ z6 Xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 {* D9 L6 Z3 O$ [1 Aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. W0 [- h  t3 [7 \+ K5 Zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 Q/ r6 [: E$ Csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ B" c6 s+ O: _7 W* X$ v  L4 jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ Q0 g+ L1 s* ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' l0 n9 m7 E# prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 M7 B  V1 A; o$ N/ K' {7 Lgonadotropins.1,3
# `0 D' p; I4 i) _9 j  KGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
  ~. |9 f  i. X) ncious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! v  K) T: e( ?% g) p4 C0 j
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or; b4 ?- y4 W; I6 c. ]: C3 L& l0 N
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( `" Y- ?3 A$ A: h2 Y/ j% O% xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" z& I" c: J8 s: q" I7 F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, l" ~! ~; D2 ?' B* \% i: d1 [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! C0 w! X8 L6 U  o9 w- R
puberty in boys.3,4
7 f' z/ W. \0 g  \, H! C3 HThe most common form of congenital adrenal  v" V& V, \/ V" `/ o% o5 z# Q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 a, Y3 T  }2 f* \3 aThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 d0 `& ~+ a0 {6 Cexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
' L) I' q# L" E$ `8 I) X; ^, K& ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- R- q0 w! K8 ?: q# B
excess.1,3
. _( r( F* `( M' R8 \1 F9 U4 [" Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; \* b. z& K" G, Q7 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 j& b8 d$ T) K. b9 S; V7 X4 h; BA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
8 B- L  x! [  Iindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
$ s4 s  ~* n' P" S2 T+ eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. x: J, u" h6 M+ H& W# `9 lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys& m+ C/ i6 g) U7 T# P* E4 N: e% T- @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,9 {2 @2 D+ \* Q- l( w
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 o1 z+ t" s$ V8 U2 Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder3 ]$ ~# M5 Z# q. I6 _& ?
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% v5 _# H6 e( Q! c6 H' C% F1 Rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) |( j, D+ L2 o9 \9 `releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 z/ M$ `; @4 y$ j7 R' kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* M% E- n5 R: D; @0 Omales; therefore, other male members of the family
( O8 Y' n0 Y& b( a$ b4 k2 G( Cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
+ _% y; I& j% Z4 VIn our patient, physical examination was incon-9 v' {( g$ L+ q$ _  Z+ a/ ?1 c  y. E
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% c1 C0 A4 \5 a1 _) |2 M% ]) qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 y( w6 _. u  O* F0 C# S% x- N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father" H" u& s0 n- L! j7 B" Z1 n
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
/ z+ |" p+ I7 v9 o7 Ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the* f$ k! {) ^: x
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 m5 S  R4 E0 ~/ w4 N5 n2 N* native initial history of androgen exposure, our
( p& V; a$ s+ J( \  Cbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 Y/ D) I. H+ T0 Keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* z* E9 e. T  y" L$ F
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( T9 O) J. o; {( Q6 hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 f% v9 {7 Y" sThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  H- M& y4 Z% P6 _3 osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ ]/ M% ]9 \+ f: X" {8 h
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 B3 M3 G, M4 k/ v
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( p, z5 p6 {  u, K
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 S' I0 A1 C  Gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" F% ?$ u2 Q6 A& m1 `' d% p
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# w8 ]( H; H$ j3 \Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& X" X+ f3 ]7 b( Q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" Q) ?' ^6 }  f' {8 X9 ?unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
; {7 w5 m1 @- s5 Y* c% rSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' F. C0 T$ M  {( A6 p. u! ^2 j& w- Y2 vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
- z+ {3 \9 Q, U) G9 r) Yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* t# S4 Q& {/ w
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-% _& G. W$ K7 y2 g" [  w
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 z. x) x6 v7 b# v5 B7 _
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 W  D8 x" [; N( V4 ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 K. e( [; S: `4 m: g0 z8 ~
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-- h2 @8 a8 S# g' N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 P5 V/ s2 `  m' t, Dactive in young children exposed to testosterone
. q3 P1 n/ c0 j9 E! K& Zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 z' w4 W- ^3 ^0 N/ O- edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 b% D( r4 f0 |: Bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 j( z; ~2 o+ r0 T( Z/ c
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 I6 P. b+ N$ \advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 j9 X& i; w. k  p6 o0 ]7 @The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' w( Y( U* s3 o& v) r5 N0 A2 p1 M
early childhood on pubertal development and final
. {1 }2 k$ q5 L5 U7 ^9 m1 H- Yadult height are not fully known and always remain
* R8 I8 }, M" [a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) q8 F& w! f' C( F& N1 v' p& bterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  [8 S9 y+ A1 C- Y/ E
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 E: M2 H1 ]! `' E1 F" Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' {$ W, D2 C7 Z  N0 `decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
3 v/ \! ^- j2 ~. }7 @There are conflicting reports and controversy, R5 r9 ^8 ?; ]# F6 d1 K- U! O
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
. Z+ {; ?2 S8 S2 B/ g' v* kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" r5 C2 v' j, f# Badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( C% s3 T$ L0 z% _* m# fulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 J) Q4 k- {8 w
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# B; R: p+ `6 O0 u3 a, W  K1 D2 [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 b% S2 r) ]" C9 [4 \2 Kpenile length in clinical studies.7 p7 \7 o6 M& [% G
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; t0 F0 _2 A& A) _going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 M+ R3 w, s- x$ u; jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' a+ W! U. m& ~6 Q9 X
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.* U, E0 o6 Y! C" [: `
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
, E- [" r  {0 E; i; Pdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 K' ^! K% a; z, Gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' E' W2 }' j, J0 [& Q  p" ]height will not be affected.
. |" {, f' y$ V3 `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-; R9 R& d0 S- {$ [
ability of androgen products in our society may
6 X: v- e  p$ p$ D; Nindeed cause more virilization in male or female% @/ T2 n. W: b) V) S, l% Q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 F% Y; I4 G3 h1 k. t2 u
gen products must be considered and specific ques-  L7 I- M8 ?" U7 }
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' @' }  }5 D9 U4 g2 C( h5 ]* ogel should be asked of the family members during
. ?6 l' m4 m) ^0 {0 othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-# q. H0 E# f5 W, N5 K* X
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" p; U6 P4 N! enosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ w) P3 A; R/ U$ @7 S5 i7 pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ E( x3 l( ?2 \- V6 J5 M  Z% y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- p1 p$ g" |; l, dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 K7 c8 G/ F* D: m
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ n3 J8 C; z+ n
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 E: `7 [* d+ S$ k; m. g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# Q# O9 A) K1 p
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- `+ y/ `3 R5 v1 e# ^) vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ @) [$ d- p$ Y3 G7 ]- `  y
female child who might come in contact with some-
1 }( X  G5 U, ~9 j8 s( bone using any of these products.8 M4 |4 A& H8 j! L8 r, o) l
References3 ~4 Z. q% r5 _" E/ ~6 A1 ]
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 u2 u3 F, F6 I2 {( K: land puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) e% q/ Q3 a" l0 J. V( i* ]! K
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
3 j& q0 C& D, l5 p# K5 i% T6 I) n2002: 565-628.5 h/ q' Z0 |+ J6 o% v$ Z; ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: D  @. }5 |" N7 Z( r* v/ w! m0 Epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 j7 s& O2 x& l" y5 \Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
& Y/ V1 o" Q% Q. l- wExposure to Testosterone. @" i% ~" @6 l1 A9 z! m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 |4 l; Q! n' I  x! ~( t0 fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 x* d; z. A5 Q( `2 xClinical Pediatrics
' x# g4 `9 O( X0 A% \Volume 46 Number 61 X* r3 e9 [: ?! N$ W1 ?2 W$ k
July 2007 540-543
8 v; l6 {9 h6 H" Q& e3 T3 N! _© 2007 Sage Publications
  W! r2 Q: k+ O10.1177/0009922806296651
2 ]9 T' f4 w0 {3 w3 K5 lhttp://clp.sagepub.com& N9 t+ j; C  e  s# O
hosted at
! L/ h9 i& W4 O& ]4 e, jhttp://online.sagepub.com* Q* G* R8 K) w: A
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 n! }8 [* v9 h, T) j, k
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 W, A2 F0 U/ ?precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" g/ n7 v3 k5 f  d1 Vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 W3 G3 `, U/ {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 v3 E/ A5 z7 O1 r5 ~  I9 w' ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 F5 {1 U" l) t  S1 o7 E3 o
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic3 |4 W5 H) u- a1 d2 f5 i
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, ~  n" T' @. J
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% O. `5 G. R, a0 C; g! |5 Preport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, ~' `- d6 ~+ ?0 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 N' `) ~% [1 S) Q' dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, Q2 u% g4 M$ p% O8 ^/ ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ v# j+ h2 J, o' Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 U$ i+ n( ?* d# h" G% }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, G$ J# T; O4 K& M& f, L  }* ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! m+ D% K! U. T5 T/ E
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( C% c* o0 W! C  t" Ibly more common than the rare case report in the
1 Z6 y1 y9 w, t6 I5 O8 K" V' uliterature.4
  A! z; _( E2 k2 j" JPatient Report
' w* I5 F4 }/ D- y& S9 nA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* V1 ]; K. j( p+ O: Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 F9 R+ ~5 C; S; _- |4 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% b5 C( g  N+ |6 ?light colored pubic hair development when he was/ P+ o$ P3 A/ B3 T2 f" E& U
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) x% j1 |  s! |* L' S# sSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
) q5 X5 t# f2 P6 S( h* @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) n# F4 J8 a; C8 _% d! r$ \Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- P" h* O. E; u! T6 z5 L- o
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 D5 R2 t& b$ t
e-mail: [email protected].
. r5 z3 L2 ~* C3 F, habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  [. x( m1 O1 [/ ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- |  F1 E2 h9 a$ }: J- J9 e# ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ s' B: k7 ?! u5 Y/ Dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 |7 M1 e  H5 _8 d0 u
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 F# H4 v; n7 a7 c0 Y# l" {0 L9 _
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 m2 g- a3 l# S' Z. S9 H
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with( X5 [+ c2 w0 ~* T0 r; \; C& v% g
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 Y6 l5 w, r/ ?  j6 M' Y' H& k. o
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 H& O' v# Q/ y7 y# g0 C
was age appropriate.+ v, r1 k+ {0 x0 w! H! A: O
The family history was remarkable for the father,. q- e) L6 [6 E) t* o
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% a$ h3 C9 @* d8 W  ^+ }
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 h' r5 [. J; F$ Q7 a6 G9 P" E
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 t: A! u/ ]8 u, S
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 h1 |/ p7 ^" N4 o/ y# A" ?) h0 D
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 ]  g  L9 V  H5 P1 s' `3 c) [! Y+ w0 echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, g8 f* Y: n4 {3 @" O
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% x6 C9 S& K: ?1 R' y; R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 C2 `& i9 L$ j
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 |! m9 U: I* D- P+ c3 T
tives. There were no siblings.$ Y' g- ]) m- o6 V7 {! N: a
Physical Examination, Y! G& {7 }( A$ D; }7 y2 h4 y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) p& G7 j" V* ?2 X2 T0 \- zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 _4 J7 A9 S/ ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" R% \. V/ p4 T0 b( w
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 t& L6 A' y+ m4 q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 h9 y5 ~& ^" f7 V, z, k
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 g, j' x# m+ j" f0 E' i1 a
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
8 N: m  V9 i' b6 W: qThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 S. t6 S5 d/ a( y' f
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 A4 e7 H$ `/ @) k9 g# I* Y9 X0 B8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( _2 t' k% X2 ]$ g
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 g0 {( C. F. }" ?% v540" @8 _3 f# u. ^* I7 h" @
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 F* V5 w0 K; B8 v' Pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; N' A9 P! S$ F* {' ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 b" ~4 J2 X3 p# [4 E" _The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. [' z$ s/ @5 h' r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ v- ?5 Y  e3 N$ v: r% }abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 Q4 W5 r4 V: A" z2 \$ }
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) Y* o4 _, X, D' F. }1 ~bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  ?8 f% k: X* ^/ D$ V) Lof papilledema.
: i6 h* ~$ ?  rLaboratory Evaluation
: x; t# I0 e! p* x  g6 a2 Q0 z, R9 A' CThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 F9 n& M% I$ n2 q( ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! k+ V+ F0 C+ f3 H; M$ e* S9 H& X
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ s5 h' G% z; G( ?1 ~5 d  S) }/ @
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 p* r9 I% }1 x5 E3 q8 rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 i8 t5 |+ S0 e
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).! v* }0 c3 y8 h+ e2 b
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. w5 o9 {. |. L5 d; q6 Z" Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 e9 X2 T$ Z5 f2 X( D" E9 e4 l
within normal range for his age. The concentration
# d! R/ J' T# |. _$ d+ Cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ F$ T: U5 n$ |+ r4 \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 a3 ]' N7 d# ?, ?& g7 x; P
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ t/ H/ U5 Y3 R& I+ }7 m( i
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
9 L6 A7 ]0 {" }; \6 V  odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 C  v  l8 R9 U. F- b' h: u
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) `  O  t$ k9 P* B3 }was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- B  P; s4 T/ ?. i4 F& ?+ R, e* z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 U/ M6 l: t; {9 Ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, h) \1 V$ \5 F. Y* Q& q, }* s3 zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 [1 t6 H% t+ q+ a, @5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. e  z' ?+ e) P1 O, O& F4 s3 cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' A. Y+ X4 \  j4 q% M  N% j5 x
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" j) W! `7 I( r- O(prepubertal).! Y; _2 f# j/ M+ \1 W5 c0 S
The parents were notified about the laboratory: V; D5 S9 \3 H! t% z% f) {
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 o, k; B) J5 H0 h! h
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
- |! u$ y# ], x8 |0 n( E* lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' S" ?# x% X' P9 M$ J; yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-4 O& J& N5 a. V4 X1 L+ t1 `; k
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.. t3 Y' S* }$ J& \5 _' p' r+ `
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 }7 c2 e! ]& Q* n( `! ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 {8 |& g# ?& V0 G+ n6 a
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 [5 V8 ^7 ~# U; f
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. V4 w0 j) G8 T' p
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
- E! Y  P, V( n, j  O/ Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 ~" r) ?) p8 s9 {; b  GmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  ]; U) V/ D5 Z$ v
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ l8 N" M. K+ k4 F" sing frequent erections.
4 q3 P+ a8 ^  UBoth parents were again questioned about use of
9 g9 |. u" m9 Q) T0 R& f$ z6 p( dany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
4 F5 G2 V/ Q, L9 R/ Nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 i4 F- u4 Q3 @+ L, |" T
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541' ?+ F' w% Y. [3 l, ~
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, R9 P# A; f. J1 o
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# q. r+ |) P& b5 G, \a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 a$ A6 Z  L/ R
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, k+ L" D) Z- U- _- V
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ m- W8 A6 f5 V7 u% ~6 Y$ M
secondary to depression.
0 z+ |5 _. h2 yThe child slept in the same bed with parents., }* @9 r; c4 `
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 z# m0 K1 S& `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 y7 t5 o5 P6 _1 r% p2 Wnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ f1 P/ O* [6 I' e
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 V$ r8 \4 G, y) x) gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 a  ~* h/ c( u( n8 Hwas high, he then read the product information
0 ^3 ]3 X0 W- r6 L( Vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-% B8 F8 t# a# L8 E
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they7 k; K4 G7 Y2 O# B( F! `9 Y3 r7 ^7 J
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 S( F1 \' `6 T, \7 z7 P5 @. i" s
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ t- {$ J4 t) o- L& [4 h
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ a8 g3 U$ _/ f# Z  O+ Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* d; @& x/ Z" f' x( A) alaboratory to obtain the test.$ Q3 [6 O* U7 r/ {2 @
Discussion
# m+ v" a4 }/ O' ]3 G. ?* APrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary! b7 I2 H; n7 H% J  O
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! ?0 P( h+ e; Z1 o. }: e# |Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 l9 B9 W) H" R1 ?3 Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- {8 Q( {! ~. L2 _8 N
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# S4 v8 i* j, Y9 N" l' g! ?
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ `3 r, ^, P7 S( q: @$ Y* |' hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 h/ E1 E  k# ?5 nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- q; f+ V4 h9 V2 {! lamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! f3 C1 p# k3 W5 \' e0 X
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! V. A- k' ^/ L! [  z# i" a9 Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; V7 M; m; u8 W( ?0 @3 c7 Z$ q, E7 v) r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
! a3 D, _' E6 _3 z6 `  h+ _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% L+ V. r7 Y% ]/ S; l* `: Rgonadotropins.1,3
& v) l* r0 L  C4 FGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, d! Y4 `- {' G: U6 g
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* f, o) T4 ~# @( R5 v+ f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 m+ i, Z- B  Z. P- Q6 T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, H( |7 o- \4 Q( G: }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% d4 J- X/ o' L6 Y0 y
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 ]7 e' f- x7 e. y+ G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ T" v6 s! ~$ s' |" d! }
puberty in boys.3,4, R$ I5 h3 ^+ q" }: S) g) \. j
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 t' [( D. m( P- @( r
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 ^( h! T& K' C: M. q" W2 z( _6 \4 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 n& D4 |( L% E% P& @excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 `/ a7 ]6 x2 L6 v
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  Y/ X7 L  k/ U% E" ]. zexcess.1,3
- t' T$ _. {& f5 f  j( |: lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  j0 I- B. p  O$ V6 G% v. F
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" q. ^+ S& c" S( w, I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. i8 J" M0 `9 r' r  M& q( C9 _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
6 n9 P. n) i3 ]as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 d0 r8 t1 t7 V3 `+ a5 w1 }
very young age. The physical findings in these boys  t( O" [/ F1 M5 n# u
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
( }2 {( B  B& B! @- X* nincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys) k) R3 p. g' R3 R. W3 n( {9 ?
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# ~& _) d2 ^' b# L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) D4 z- R9 h; I( n8 v8 s2 I4 o5 T
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' I; [7 S/ {: {  Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 G- g5 Z6 _0 S  [- ~autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! b) {7 J# b& _- T1 i
males; therefore, other male members of the family. _& D7 O2 B1 }" Z5 S! G
may have similar precocious puberty.3
; n) g1 @! ?8 k6 F" T- ]' iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 L8 X" ]: Q2 wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
! F2 e3 `! f7 ~2 S  v' p5 Scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  ^- `- \1 Y4 rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
, H! a4 y0 |7 D( w6 tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( M+ M, m/ \7 M3 H- R6 btesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
* e7 M3 i, G8 Z+ Q; \  H# H  zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( Y( i: L; z2 f9 A/ i
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ {7 o8 K, }3 L# x2 }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 M3 V) o8 ^4 a* k, c) Teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" e1 t; N2 \8 jdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: U; P6 P( x$ d# King the normal level of adrenal steroids.
9 @3 m. _2 Y/ @+ w! e7 [* PThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly" |; T, O; K5 n3 c7 j
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 S' O- n4 ]: B6 n" K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& g* `0 C1 F3 K# M2 e; Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 o( q) x( R3 y3 k) o  ]6 m: Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ @) R! m: c( N! @+ ^3 g) U- O+ Xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 V( w* ]- l7 R1 nusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. ]5 B3 {' w7 H( x5 u1 u2 P1 O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' T! W4 ?. E/ {0 fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' r9 _+ P- C. Y: y; v# {unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, f  ]- m3 N! g1 c! W: vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, V0 J9 O- d' Z/ O& L2 t2 jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
" B  ]6 G: W& U, M& X' leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 |: f  j- S& t- L* a( z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ M+ C# Q* t) ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.$ x, {$ ^5 O' h$ O) u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ C: X* Z- @9 S, P% Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 L' s9 P* d) s% _( i- u6 c
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& t* d' M5 a& t4 K+ ?1 i" o! q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 @* F: `( t, T% }8 _: X5 Iactive in young children exposed to testosterone' w. ?1 b. ?  M+ r! T) A& A3 n/ m
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# X' }" b+ e( F2 g- ~drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  s- c1 p8 L  m* u- a* b8 A4 r1 y. }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- _; Q, T+ Y$ ?( |8 v, `4 ~2 echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and# n( J9 e! F. u& ^4 u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. `/ p4 A, d; J$ c7 a$ ]8 V  GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during: x( x' P7 ~+ D1 s% G
early childhood on pubertal development and final; a# E/ }. j- E7 u9 @
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& y* r: Q2 V! {7 K' K: ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 s6 C, d! i6 a* e0 G; j1 xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( A# u6 g" a* w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# @1 j9 j% }- D) C, ?5 lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& L& ]5 W1 ], {% T& C/ m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 j& }9 _) T5 i2 U% A4 k+ t3 K3 |
There are conflicting reports and controversy( w" R' x$ b5 D4 a, M+ k) Y9 p4 y
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% ?% |' m% E, z; o( C4 P. w
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' h4 l: \! [; Q+ V! R2 T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' S: P: o3 C- U5 f( D
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ j. b% I  s/ Y) ^3 HSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 |* E+ b1 o* s
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 g! O  V' I% w- U/ {, v
penile length in clinical studies.
' o5 N' H/ _& H0 jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& A' q9 p6 Q- x5 Q7 M8 E
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 E% Y9 m% l- _: q( n. Q! \' C# O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 P$ \- u( l( }+ ]7 ?! j7 a
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- ?7 l$ ]$ z3 JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of( E( v, G$ R( i4 [2 N+ J% M, h
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 i" f7 }/ Z9 h2 I" U$ b: ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& H  p5 l4 p- }
height will not be affected.
  h: j1 G9 h) r& j8 LAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) k1 `; C& N7 k0 Bability of androgen products in our society may
. ^& A% N+ J, Z( ?6 q! c! _indeed cause more virilization in male or female2 Q: z2 H% O* G) F, r" x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 g/ I. y2 u6 ^
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( M5 P5 i  ~( Q0 v2 utioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. A1 l0 V$ a& M* |gel should be asked of the family members during
7 C. Y0 J9 T; i$ F; jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-# A$ p  l3 ~0 j" @. z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 \3 _' N( l; R' w7 `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 C7 a  ]9 A) J# {3 J
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; f! S6 W' _2 l9 }
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may- _. |4 U3 W' c; t
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) T9 A% q3 j: q0 f) Finvestigation. The primary care physician should be
% [% I) P' z1 i6 M  `# @aware of this fact, because most of these children, V3 r3 B( p' W% N& p# y! Y  u
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’* b; R8 ~" e; S1 I, L
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
/ c; k. y: m; B: Q8 l+ ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 _" ^, I. P- a! Mfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 {- h5 ?- L8 i, p
one using any of these products.
9 K$ y3 ~% h! S3 `% I4 mReferences; T* ]  F( l& U% I' f4 _7 d: \+ ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* C$ F$ O% C9 F4 y/ h/ x  L2 mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
! C) ^1 ~/ R2 dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;$ U) g% u) k; a0 N
2002: 565-628.& W' b! P8 e% q: v% t
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious! Z! O7 A4 E! w/ M+ y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
" V4 b& |3 H" h8 x! g, X
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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