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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 M( |' T1 O: R% E) X/ O5 ?2 A
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
& i/ {8 V3 P' k; T: W0 yExposure to Testosterone! F. C( z9 ~1 A/ a% I
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( F; c8 ^# N+ [6 J, L
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
# @0 D( L# ?* _3 o* |* Y  {Clinical Pediatrics
2 `: B' |4 k+ `5 S* GVolume 46 Number 6* f9 z2 K9 S+ d- }4 O
July 2007 540-543
2 z4 t. c  Y: o& g8 b: [+ ~( x9 D© 2007 Sage Publications. F) n& {1 r. b" U0 ~2 S2 @  C, A
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 T; W: y# |0 B; a: ]3 bhttp://clp.sagepub.com
, c: P3 Q; B1 B3 l, f  Fhosted at0 O7 u; R% a1 V' m2 l2 b6 u( d$ ^
http://online.sagepub.com8 y/ Z9 ?1 s9 l- U% |
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ j: W! L7 b! Y3 U
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; ^5 k( W7 e0 G; F8 l2 W  V$ ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) b# p6 Y5 K( [& fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 K8 F" r  ^0 o0 Y& k) k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. U8 j- X2 p: i4 r5 s, o( Xlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% g* m) q& {5 e, O5 I8 M, G6 Aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ l& a* ?, q8 }: U" l, Uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! k  T0 O$ H! }1 b# E- i. F
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# C7 m2 W& p; a. }* ~. k4 d% ?
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ ?( z; `9 V1 \. b4 Q
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 e2 b8 i+ W8 N: W7 A
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 c- e5 j- p0 U8 o+ _' W  G) nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  T; v& U: }: u. w
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 u3 C3 G* w6 Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 s9 c& a0 ]; d. T& schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' U9 n: Q2 x7 j( Ktestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 N) c/ r" X& r) i( bbly more common than the rare case report in the
! a. l9 C' S7 H* x/ C/ b8 |literature.4
$ P2 J% a, z$ y4 u2 r, NPatient Report0 U6 a2 Z) \3 t) E& s/ E% }
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the' P! S8 h- v8 Z, `  T" o2 v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ Y. U% W+ d6 L
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 ?6 f4 ]( f. ?: j7 t( F+ d& slight colored pubic hair development when he was# h9 i4 k" Y' t4 y( B& |. ?
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" @: c, V* ]* l, \- P7 fSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" L5 W- ~8 X5 w6 `* P- UAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& H1 T4 r+ m$ l8 }+ mProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 Q4 X- ?! u* j2 F
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
, _  _; J5 w4 n! Le-mail: [email protected].
6 L' F, a0 O1 b, q8 M; O3 R) C; ~3 ^6 Pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 _! J1 \, G2 S$ C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) _0 u9 g9 S4 j0 ^+ P) |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& F; Z  d' Q& g: \; Awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. a" a* @* T; i( ]1 M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ h* Y$ s2 _* T/ X0 H& O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( W: U; t- J8 _  Dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ O5 [1 l+ _5 g3 l+ ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: X. M- q) ^/ l( u3 t: |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% Z# B& f9 y% W  Y* r& Iwas age appropriate.
2 \; u) I- h# CThe family history was remarkable for the father,
) |! U8 E3 I. k1 _, p! @who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 A. t  i" S+ s. \" P( e& B2 I
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% ?& {: k$ J, K0 }' I
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, m8 U3 a$ G5 L* [2 h+ Y0 W
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
/ w. `0 v' j7 S( [+ V) j& g9 OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, E. r# s/ c4 \; w/ e0 X; J' Uchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) ^  j8 p% U  ^- t- rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' g1 T; u6 I) c: ~& h/ o" `  P& _# p' a5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ ?; b6 t; W' j: k# ?8 X+ Ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! R2 Z  l  s0 W( o4 K
tives. There were no siblings.  _3 ]4 _$ n3 Y. J$ o
Physical Examination
8 ]! Y' [9 m+ S$ c  y2 u; V! A' }The physical examination revealed a very active,; e' {! D! J7 P8 k' r8 M8 a$ C6 U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) j  s* s9 q9 N/ ?/ L
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was3 M0 `+ [# d6 D6 M8 Z# U1 D* D
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg  }2 N5 g0 [( w$ R$ B: j% N
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  W9 E; F- d$ _# g. t% j) j5 Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) n0 q) l# ?  H) e, W1 uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! ?( |2 B8 H; a- H9 P. FThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for) S+ v0 R6 ]' a) [0 E
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* N. z2 ]; \, g, V
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 {) C: |6 T0 P& Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; `, j: o" Q* I9 n3 t, ~540
9 j6 f' e: F  Nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" i9 A" n* b, ^the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ e/ D9 C% H7 L/ Y/ [- z6 n
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  G7 D$ z5 T8 d2 M1 QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 K# }* d1 U# b6 @' ?& s% }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ R+ K! ], y4 X$ k. f# _1 w( f5 o% v8 U
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, X' s: o" w! r3 _7 u, ?: XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: j0 _! _5 G* \( U; rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 m  E' ^9 E4 q' \: G/ h6 x9 v/ G
of papilledema.- @2 D, _- `  E' I- L+ `, |6 E0 V$ i
Laboratory Evaluation9 s3 g  Q, C" c; S
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
& T- o/ h  Q* _8 g: I8 Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, @( y$ X" |( |( o- ]. R0 O2 \4 p
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal! Y( z  h. c3 C0 h8 v
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ e3 f; g0 s/ ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 i3 `  f" z8 d6 o- z+ C* _3 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." I3 h, K9 h) q) G' P  i  o, b
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 {7 [# n5 q& ?/ {$ Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# W& B1 L" b6 X4 d# _1 [within normal range for his age. The concentration6 W0 A7 H, q/ u4 y
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: L5 S, s: A' N: x' I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 j1 [  @# M4 }* m2 q; ]6 r
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! q$ d+ H9 c" Rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! S! P3 L& b. ]9 P7 Z" k9 n
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ l+ o( b4 a4 `- E) _
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& U4 c& I/ _" e8 _9 B& M& Z# \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 p8 J3 i! w( [" _6 v+ H1 O/ k
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 N+ P1 r% V0 `# ~) a9 t# }0 v# [7 Y
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ ^: \* f) b+ \: I) O. s1 P% c6 h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- Q: \: I# H8 t/ g5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# Q& Z3 [6 K9 Z4 v. Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. x# ?( t9 @- O0 G5 s9 p- {concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 Y9 j9 j) _. n. Z) j(prepubertal).
8 h( N. P; f( }! k/ \The parents were notified about the laboratory
: L8 W, b( U4 j; @  w" Y4 O' d0 Xresults and were informed that all of the tests were
  t4 e( c' b- E7 snormal except the testosterone level was high. The
! j& C0 F8 C1 B# m! s+ [% V# lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 o2 d/ M* Y0 n6 O. S7 t2 ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
- a! ~  \, ?& a+ `ever, the family did not return for 4 months.+ `- t" P& m) r) X" u
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
' ]' r/ M' d! |& ~3 J% n9 p7 a* Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( v& E' _0 q9 h: ^* F4 s2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# O% e% Z7 t* r$ \- D
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
  m) u4 c& M# x; w( L3 Z9 jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 q( Q. X: E+ ]/ r: z) t  b) f& g
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! v$ D# _  E* c" I) M7 PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  B4 S: b1 q' p) B
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 d5 F! ^$ H$ y& b- H) @
ing frequent erections.: E" I- K/ j# L2 m; o- X
Both parents were again questioned about use of
  \. S( {4 E, W* Y5 {any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% T% t: q: A4 W) ~4 ~  ^the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! P% c, Z, C7 W# i* t6 sTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, Q0 Y* ^; h6 W. r$ xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ s: e- t, ^: Y6 ~4 }( p4 @ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( S2 X/ d0 {2 k' s2 U+ M* q# D1 X4 }a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed& n; B" W; w* j: |7 G
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; q. H5 o4 C6 m$ ~! r: B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 Y0 x! G! a' u0 V9 Q( V
secondary to depression.. S8 N* v) |, \6 Y4 [
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  r( B: v# F* r+ B5 E  F
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- b( j+ s4 i9 U% p5 O' Z6 Pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 F+ E& [" P; S! nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: P, c* P/ R4 n  ~& RThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
: J% ^1 S4 r; \  Iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby. W% i2 a) y/ z
was high, he then read the product information  _7 ~( D# O/ V( Y9 A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! z# m4 X: N' K& f
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ S0 h: C0 G6 o& n6 ldecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 N( _# m1 e8 m1 F) i1 Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 W/ l2 ~( Q7 z. y- M! I2 d
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 g9 J6 Z/ E, [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: j* ~: K# N6 E0 l6 I3 H8 Olaboratory to obtain the test.2 L, L% z- }- t4 s0 `: k' B7 x6 ]
Discussion  y1 m  a# l& x
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% v; j4 F7 {- I+ I4 ]) Z+ k0 y& ~
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& I# u0 k, f1 Q2 l$ ?% jPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 Y9 W- ?9 F- B3 F& O3 `* q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ p( u. a" u) u( N( Othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, E4 `3 S; \, _) ~$ {mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" d& s9 W# ]( f- emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 z0 H' o" a# w& R: s! a2 [responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 w6 U# @2 @/ e) Q) s
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# ^3 }! X1 u( ~) Q: [. d4 @
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ @) ~: X' v) F4 u4 }9 [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 T# f! @) `) d$ e2 R) \2 V. iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& n+ A( p. V4 X( H  ?, a5 A) V  }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
+ J& l3 @! n( C7 ngonadotropins.1,3
' R3 A, Z/ ~3 y  a" B- XGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: c, Z) n9 N- `" ~cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ B) N" B# w3 B6 h
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or  g3 Z, ^& E0 E" h" U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
9 Z. E" Z/ w0 h; {ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 B1 F8 w% H8 M6 h* X8 ]" a8 ?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: |$ V9 m3 G; Q3 Radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 H3 x9 p: g% f8 P) J9 g1 ?
puberty in boys.3,4" N: U% ^8 _1 ?2 K7 z, {! A& W% S
The most common form of congenital adrenal; `0 f9 i- Z+ X. Z& B9 i6 w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
  i9 X9 a- `1 c2 G* B4 NThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; O4 p" U- E' R! ]; y5 D* t! S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; y; w* J3 l2 E0 Y8 ~; K: Z4 \# @
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' x7 t1 ^1 O. `  iexcess.1,35 v9 p7 m$ m! e* U" E8 l6 P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& m) \& P5 [7 n, h+ O; n
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& f2 e" t* @2 o& p8 XA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( ]. X$ t5 P7 ]' b2 }independent precocious puberty, which is also known! |1 J+ C6 j0 x+ s0 F" x5 j
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a  i0 z8 y' F, `& n) ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys% K! x) W1 d4 k% T6 x/ o
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
- J/ @. m4 X2 H# Y$ h7 u, a1 Vincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. n9 T1 m' M. p& M) i) J) `: p
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 W3 T. f$ i1 }+ C) X4 I% j( dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! x% [" o5 V* z& O* c6 n* r9 w
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- d$ x/ ^  ^( n6 g$ S. Zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 a7 H: [3 V0 |: o! O8 z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ P6 e! L9 ~' R9 q, ^/ U% @( m& _males; therefore, other male members of the family
# N! y5 \0 U- d8 w, b7 ^* G, V  [" l) Cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
. q6 L0 B* K/ g" a+ u2 H, TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-+ L! }4 V! |5 j2 m- y% Y4 f+ [) x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& S) g8 c  y; ^! I9 @
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 j$ N" p$ ~/ U3 A) |9 h5 Z/ N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father& j- C8 F9 n0 i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 u$ j; \( d8 i# g! p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
  N, W8 o- j& d& z# J+ ?beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. A1 m: p' ~& c, H* Fative initial history of androgen exposure, our( F6 S+ @/ J* M( W& y) j
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," ]' a! K6 A, r: V5 L% X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
' n, V( e- s. n: |4 Zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# G" p; k" o0 S+ g! zing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, n4 M3 U9 o& `, n! r+ pThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 G' ^# L  \6 A9 ?5 s" f5 ]suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: a0 o; N5 K9 k# K9 F5 v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-" e& A* s  v, t  l/ E3 N. k
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! n# P" ]; W" i" {# S
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- I- k7 }& V, [' N4 h4 ?
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
8 y* |$ h/ c: S4 \! B) A  Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% X. |6 r6 [6 j' E5 p% R) C9 G
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 L  T. }5 Z: {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 J0 ^' o, B& e: @
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* O9 c7 ~7 g* u+ ~/ u6 V8 y% e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- e( T+ K# X: p$ c" [baseline value in those females who were exposed to
% S# f' Q8 a9 J* Meven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 Q4 Y" o. @/ z' i2 ?8 [% d0 [- I7 j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 p+ Y7 V- A: E2 x& ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.6 H& Z7 |% g" ~# F1 @9 `# l; m" w
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: h  T$ W( g2 J) {4 h, k5 Zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 K# Y7 b+ r5 U6 \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 @, w' h: {, Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 s  Z2 J) J" P. |: Gactive in young children exposed to testosterone6 H  k, \- b% F6 {& }6 c# F4 G0 C+ ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 t& l+ J$ @3 @6 t* L% h
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( A2 w, N- W* g* j* R+ L+ q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( }6 D3 a! S! M% [! o) m) q- n2 B) lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 w- g0 a% b2 P+ I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 }# u  M7 s  s, G# I1 GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ X! C& \% s# h! X/ T/ gearly childhood on pubertal development and final4 e( y- ^' M. ?9 K4 S7 _
adult height are not fully known and always remain- }9 a5 V  Y! j' e& H
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 x! K& m9 K! V3 m3 E6 S3 \. e
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, V$ ?' _& `# B* y3 N9 z( D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. j, L) v3 d8 C9 d. ~1 q. A, q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- m# X! S, U8 {; Vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 G5 h, X/ v! a# Q! p" ]0 W& EThere are conflicting reports and controversy( u: X& M; R  I4 l
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) }0 \4 ?0 m! q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 g. z: ^! r) u) N& cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 [0 M7 n6 o6 V9 lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ p5 h- p0 j5 S1 u9 HSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. G& M* t$ b" K- I! }9 T9 Cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ ?" M# |8 M' c5 P5 j. T4 t8 s
penile length in clinical studies.8 F" R# ~$ H; M& H/ o
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. Q0 c$ F( S8 v8 X
going to experience any of the untoward effects from% c# i+ Q3 |& `
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' ]: T/ G1 J/ O6 b5 h4 Z2 lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- S9 Q  z5 @5 s
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of  C* U4 y3 f2 b: M) l, O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. |! ?" T1 e0 h( v6 Z  qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! J1 r( L* m9 L, m8 ?. @! m( p
height will not be affected.7 C+ A' p. V2 C
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& a5 q  `: z3 @% yability of androgen products in our society may
/ a% A" |0 Z9 J+ L: N1 U4 Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 J% ?, w* V6 Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 J/ Y2 I) `# x1 ~6 ngen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 |9 T, W8 F( t6 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 Q" J' M! d& O; K4 X; l) Igel should be asked of the family members during. q1 T! z3 y  `! J. L
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 |1 a+ ~7 c8 n9 H% A
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  v+ ]9 r2 A& D4 U, v
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 d1 h* b8 O% W0 E0 n  y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  \* h3 f/ Y( @0 |7 c# H; ?% W% S
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 Y7 m3 P0 Q# n0 @
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ S" I$ W% ^$ N1 M3 r( O. Linvestigation. The primary care physician should be
6 K- W! h9 q2 t& K) e2 e4 iaware of this fact, because most of these children
* @4 x9 p, K! D* @may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# S( g5 w/ j1 n+ M; Y. w
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- E9 M5 w) ?9 q3 ~* x6 Q  Awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" n! e6 z( w0 q+ f2 v1 a" r( `female child who might come in contact with some-7 c0 [8 W1 o$ X; W* R
one using any of these products.+ U$ p7 @. C" \- y. [
References7 k; ~3 v" H, N' t4 n& f% i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) [# z0 }9 C* b, ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 e. `8 r% {4 ^8 f4 D5 z: d8 [+ X! X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 i2 f% ~- T. m. T) v2 }0 n2002: 565-628.
  m  u$ d5 l' M1 b. j" n# p; d0 Q5 T% h2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: T; K' B) s4 w; Opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
- {( D5 u# R+ `2 F- T$ M+ }1 hBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) u$ ]* E4 q1 E' x6 K( ?. R
Exposure to Testosterone0 B. ?- ~- _4 v3 f
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 U# |; r; j$ X  ~and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 _0 V7 W  E7 VClinical Pediatrics
, J) m7 o5 Q0 y- v0 u2 lVolume 46 Number 6
+ ^! d: a6 w* m4 w6 T% R2 tJuly 2007 540-543) s) R* r* h- T# {, F  m
© 2007 Sage Publications
' E& _2 ^# F% I9 ]/ ]  e10.1177/0009922806296651
" c' V2 N9 O  Z  Vhttp://clp.sagepub.com3 J5 \: ~9 |" e
hosted at
( ~/ \+ D6 C# @2 H) Yhttp://online.sagepub.com/ n; h( K, U0 ^+ _% r* Z1 c) K
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 J2 j8 G' z# a9 j" ^  ris a significant concern for physicians. Central2 `% ~2 K& k' h# |
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 Q* _# J: n8 b9 w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' n0 P/ z7 _1 q  ^a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# L  A( P! Q! A, v9 [0 Elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, P( e" K  ?  h% g' A3 N9 aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) h) p9 d: @; y5 J( j' rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ `" H9 R& f+ Z6 O3 o( f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% L: G: `9 l! Q9 k" Xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 E1 l9 u$ x" M! eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. `4 A" {, [: r$ |9 c% N$ V) Y
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& o1 S( q: r- P  [& ~
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; O' p7 K3 @  Z. z, T7 ]3 @the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 J$ i, q8 E& z6 v2 h% }mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 y* Q7 `) z6 l( \3 Qchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% m* b  ?- V5 Q1 r/ ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. L, E2 |( ]1 K8 y5 s/ U
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ U+ f2 p* q0 a* K4 l6 T2 C
literature.4, L9 d/ Z9 t/ f9 \
Patient Report' q7 Y+ f2 L) ^" V& U
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 A$ e1 g6 n$ F& @' C  _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- l5 J1 j+ _3 Z, k( t& V% v% {of early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 d( V, y, s) m) Y3 g) alight colored pubic hair development when he was
/ w4 u7 L" Z2 P; E; u  j. {6 sFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 F6 P3 C. |; |* t, }/ FSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
; L3 J* c5 z! G! G1 P& @1 ~Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ T8 B# T) B. gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# A7 w. q  t5 g
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" k! B0 d" m: J6 ^  F
e-mail: [email protected].
9 t. g+ e5 {5 P3 T* u+ Fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  X: g! I) v* qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) c5 E% Q; O5 y% C& P$ N! kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- ^3 S' `) w7 m8 j
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! d. L% @4 s% m4 D1 m1 Ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' e- i0 L; r- f5 W- c2 r/ j7 ?
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
2 l$ G% Z/ C- k! s* Fof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. P- ^( k  {" ~" a$ Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
! b1 \9 S, [' `  `- T. Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 w( O8 ^% p2 l$ J5 n) g
was age appropriate.4 v) W! F; O7 ?& f4 G$ h4 b1 j! L  X
The family history was remarkable for the father,
. S; i6 [1 x7 l, g+ h; S) Xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,  w1 V6 t0 E7 T: E# |. Q' x1 ]
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- L( I! X; f6 a$ F  a7 t& q4 t6 cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat5 R7 ^' ~: m  U9 E1 E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
$ X8 N$ Q- e4 ]7 c; f! ZThe father denied taking any other medication. The
( l2 w: n0 m% O# m8 \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% B1 E2 t6 d( y( v
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ O/ `$ L- ?$ W; [$ A5 g* s5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ Z. o4 o: T/ W( T% Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( k! a# o1 k3 }# T; _  N
tives. There were no siblings.1 t; x3 D- |- R1 U. c
Physical Examination% O' E/ T/ Z9 r  h6 V
The physical examination revealed a very active,) E' M1 Z+ m* m: y5 z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) ?/ G3 r$ D1 |( w0 Z: K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ Y( r7 f0 b) ]  ?6 J90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
; a4 v4 ~/ A& @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 W; e% h3 s& H6 H: L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 V: J+ M" x; w1 Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 w" [; {. R& t3 o5 t
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
( N7 z! `: \+ x% P& s: qenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 f" t+ K) C0 x- Q, L( _/ u
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well& C% W+ J3 }$ V; h. n8 Y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around6 U. e; b: u. u
540
9 V! C; g; L& P' `" J; I# pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- ?6 p5 ~( K3 h5 k0 y1 u  Pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The1 m3 \# y: W& ], M
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
. k2 F; N/ M+ d. aThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ }4 }  i* O' f$ G  ?0 G. u
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
% L" Z% I) ^) |* ?- n5 a4 {0 N5 W2 kabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ t3 I0 h- F' U; o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; P9 Q! L7 n5 V9 |% Q
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ J9 b! v6 ^( w5 ?3 e1 M& M
of papilledema.
/ H2 y1 |* ~- P  [; ]# kLaboratory Evaluation
# w  V, n$ c( P2 \/ I2 OThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by# S7 F3 w2 K5 n- y4 d& D0 w9 X
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
8 j0 G' g: w% w& g8 ^; ^" jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; d. g2 u7 l# s6 C2 P/ |7 a9 t
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 \7 W- e  v6 k, \+ {, Ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 w8 K1 B' v0 A2 t
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& a, p! N$ L4 W, i$ R. ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( R7 b+ Z8 K$ `8 l3 c$ P, ~/ A5 M
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. p; i- ]9 B2 M  M$ v- j: g3 I9 zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration+ l* G. }( w4 p+ J: \9 d
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) {+ `- d, ?( t2 u" ^: c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 L4 X5 W! s$ o6 W0 J
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-; \) z$ {8 `1 S- S+ a8 `+ R
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ U! P1 F2 d+ ~/ h. p) p
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ d" g; s! E: d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 b5 K( a, ?: L& p% D
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 ^: X; a. `! b! C
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. g/ R, K4 n0 i7 j' gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* [7 f  k" z1 S- T3 @! P& @and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  E7 c( A7 s4 @) n: z: C$ v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
) e% ]9 z) n( }: y* Sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* a) Q/ U' O' j4 B, h# `" }
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ z( H2 ~, ^2 @! I(prepubertal).
/ D, `7 h3 W( O# FThe parents were notified about the laboratory7 C$ e: M. I' U5 t9 _: k" W
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ L, h8 |" Q5 ^8 l7 B- k# A- xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The# a5 f: H* Z2 _/ ?! q
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# f0 J) O, S0 F  o1 X- X
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-/ _/ h# k3 ]5 q* I; I
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. F! J% x' m4 H0 @1 d1 QPhysical examination at this time revealed that the  w& M9 D9 f, O, r0 V
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 w+ T4 I8 O( x) w2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 o/ B. a7 c( O0 Ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 f# R% }8 W* M" P
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ J7 c) I; k" ~# ?; ?" I4 tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 H7 ?8 E0 y8 g( P# l$ A+ t
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- x( O  {) V) B& OThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 H( @' ~8 _1 Z" bing frequent erections.
1 W# z1 t3 z& ^) b0 yBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 K+ C6 r# G. O7 u+ o3 Aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- G$ D( U5 q# Y; a2 Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 q3 l0 O5 Q" a
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5416 ]# ~$ z. g2 d5 I2 U
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) k+ w5 c0 K9 c, C$ c4 A. Z' L) m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
2 V/ `/ B( D/ {* ~a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed/ ~3 P# L! M1 x# i8 n, R+ K
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ \  {9 T& {8 a: n7 D  z9 Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
  n) g8 g) Z2 P; _1 Tsecondary to depression.
& `; P: y6 L, e, Z$ ?7 }2 KThe child slept in the same bed with parents./ M: `; g) j2 D& m7 x
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 v4 o8 L2 x' v4 S0 r' @- ^! k1 @
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 s. |4 L) M. s# [& \nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; m2 g1 {- N5 f8 BThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ l0 G- o! {7 {# O, J. b  \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 B, ~4 t2 k8 d; Fwas high, he then read the product information) q* K) T8 s0 j& f
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 d, `7 z$ L) _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: g" c2 N2 Q6 y  p. X  Gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* u  D2 Y/ p. k0 b4 D/ e) }* Zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 X: D9 i1 s6 C* K. b6 J3 ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' e* P& v' n/ `/ ]# v2 b+ y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" [8 ?( X: ]  S0 \laboratory to obtain the test.
8 c" M- P" |+ I- W* W! Q2 s) O  oDiscussion3 E4 y. X# F8 P" w$ ]5 j( J  U
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary# Q' D4 H6 m$ T$ B$ w* S7 y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ ^) r0 U: U/ b: ?% `5 dPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ `/ X( p) |  Z* ^+ b' n+ Dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 n$ q% i5 X& F. |thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: _! s; |. c" p8 p! s) Q3 ?9 Zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 T$ I& ~, b. w- X/ _" o9 k
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 Z6 b) I6 s" `% |! gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-( b6 ^+ g$ ~, a( b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" Z- l" B  R) [* |+ s$ Osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, }8 @# K. i3 e% P' [boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. n/ t/ I; f8 E' K( }# o& c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 v5 Q* n3 `# O: `0 ^- L
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, D2 h: [/ f; [  h/ ?gonadotropins.1,37 t6 y6 q" R! F2 F. }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; |) M2 e1 X, a6 i& E; ~6 N& O; bcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, A8 c; w7 t& U1 h! J2 X, |androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 C* P; q* R9 i! h% }# S- qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 n$ P- |0 \! I$ Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 V3 G: p/ L8 e- A" _congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ f1 t3 D; U0 I: o, \6 R' U
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 v- v! w4 \( U9 F
puberty in boys.3,4
: p1 h, Q3 W- RThe most common form of congenital adrenal
: j1 G6 [' h7 O  f0 rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' R8 ^0 M1 ?' u3 j$ Q+ |" Z: x9 i
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( L5 W2 `; F/ f& p
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( Y3 A% q, ~5 F+ g1 {
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 A* K2 Y. V4 s
excess.1,32 g: C: _/ o% _! |/ p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( F3 n6 k: Y7 J4 y! M' s
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( k; n9 [; H" ]* r0 e
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
' L* c" {: _. P' ?independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ D6 n4 V$ D; \7 e+ L6 n
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 ^- \' {- Q) R  M& Gvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 |# X! X, U5 q' n# wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,6 R9 S+ R, e( |# g4 {( I3 `
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& g, u1 }; M: G- F) y# X
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! U1 \$ q" i, d% }are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( v! t" R8 X  H7 b9 `  b0 d
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 C/ R$ o! w& ^# E! [releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' c$ P1 z  x$ [autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
2 J; e2 v. {' _, amales; therefore, other male members of the family/ q$ ^# a) P' P# Q8 C# d) B
may have similar precocious puberty.3
  Z$ W8 Z0 w' y  o& K$ gIn our patient, physical examination was incon-9 E& `5 g! V6 A2 a. E
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ x2 R" X! Y' d! Q% T
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, Q* {; |  ^$ @
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% \' m7 ?0 N% A1 fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,7 ^! p* {! C7 C
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ I4 g. g/ H+ R- z* u" X% tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-0 G- C3 {* U% f' @
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ G( B0 q/ ^% I8 g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
! x) |. h4 y9 S* X" B& Feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' [; N/ A: p1 H; d& Y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-- g* v0 e/ S  @* w, P" T0 _3 B
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.' v8 O: I! _7 `7 v
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 I6 F, j, g* r1 a" ^+ O8 bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 C$ h, n% C$ m8 t
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-. C  z" ^, m$ W" h8 A( a% h0 V) r2 b
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 c* {7 v+ ^. m& _decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- |  H5 K' F) X5 J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
7 y) Y' H' d0 h' Z$ fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" F7 \' ^# }1 Q6 E' VDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or- w) F* K+ K+ c8 D" I& C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ E5 Q0 o1 h: _" ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 ]% |" s. n5 N5 `1 r8 \Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 t* w* V, Q+ y1 Jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to( s5 ^) \9 m9 d8 \' @) \" s0 I
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male  G' ]/ k$ H' K. G7 c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* _9 N, ~1 T+ j( s% k' b4 V
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( Z! Q# \- B$ z4 m( E8 qOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," ]" p6 c! g% n' E5 [
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
1 d1 t, Z: M/ _2 P4 u3 @dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# H8 S" h: Q5 j; S& C0 x
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- Y* |" b" s( r7 ~+ ]) g! p
active in young children exposed to testosterone
$ @/ E4 k( W7 w5 J- G5 t& q% jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, w, p: E$ j/ O) h1 S) g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
. [# m- ^9 T- e. b& D# o5 y. T# pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 z5 l/ n: Y6 g: V* t7 {3 k5 D8 Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and% {6 H# B1 j- K! [
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. d6 l  ^# i9 c; P3 I# \4 h! [
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 m( ~9 `' D! R( v* x' z1 G$ T5 |# |3 ^early childhood on pubertal development and final, j$ h! e  J1 E( X
adult height are not fully known and always remain& o- j1 E4 g# _& o* i) A
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* W/ W% D/ [4 Y# D4 X5 e- Kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
( `) C, y9 u/ J% }) ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 q0 V- f7 p; s% a) Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation6 G/ Y5 n: y0 h' J; z$ O5 Q8 f6 A% B9 a
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. E. f2 }. r! K
There are conflicting reports and controversy1 u  U! [, G% ]) f4 q
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult  [) {  b. q! R- p$ ~9 Z/ [1 `  M
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ S! J) u! x( z/ i* iadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% O0 z& A% F7 F. C% Y! ~" Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 f. {7 K% q+ O3 V+ `* CSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 b; i# k& e$ V
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: W+ @7 P: U" B# G4 L; y+ F
penile length in clinical studies.% p+ T9 w% |! w
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; r# I; B: g8 D) q+ l
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, m. k- M5 y" C$ r& `$ ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 B% d) P7 n7 _) r  Nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' W0 F, `8 ^) e9 h3 _* M7 U$ E
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 v: _+ ^+ Y8 _2 T: v* z8 Q) ediagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! U  g! d& Q' A  A4 a3 }. y" n
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' d3 q, D2 z, v5 d8 |  u: Aheight will not be affected.1 t( V! d7 U9 r
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ T. Y) N1 X/ J; u
ability of androgen products in our society may1 G9 Q$ b% d' c  ]
indeed cause more virilization in male or female2 \2 p% D! A2 N3 q& h: j
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
  ]( q# S, I* u% U  d/ J/ \- I9 Sgen products must be considered and specific ques-( X' X; `- j4 n; B" P
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or8 A: ?" o0 u/ j) Y$ k
gel should be asked of the family members during6 J6 Q) Q5 u1 R+ J% `! y
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-" S' Y) C3 x) ]  Y. M3 u# Q7 x8 h& F0 ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& ]" I3 K& r' g) G# I! k9 Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
" y8 Q9 M) w1 D& M* xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 V! u3 y$ i& v( l, @4 M! [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
3 o5 {1 w9 v, ~8 r1 j! C9 b* @: [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 T1 R% S  k# C* P9 yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be5 g. g" N% v& R) U# ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children
! C2 r/ n0 b: L' e0 C; K' hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 D* |! L' ]; d2 y/ F/ Y0 PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
; U# R5 X6 Z- G) a2 b. X* r$ k( gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
* P9 d: z" Y8 b8 yfemale child who might come in contact with some-
: z* p& R* H! A4 ], G* b$ none using any of these products.
. Q" u! O# F6 |/ V& ?( |( T( }References, `* s: @9 J# K9 n6 \% i  u, l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation( a" }/ H7 \5 W' X# J" H
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
! R4 c. Y2 B2 C: h$ LEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- A; J& e3 }: K. P2 d
2002: 565-628.7 w5 d0 B# C4 E* j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) k8 A. r3 K) A3 v  z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
: u2 I1 x( Q8 _& M
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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