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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 b8 A$ p- k) k' |2 [; ~% u
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
: k: y0 J. `9 ^* F+ [% m3 t; OExposure to Testosterone
- @7 K8 p- Z; s- h, `+ sSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 d7 a! e$ _0 s! [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
! Q9 ~0 X1 @! y$ l' w0 k( OClinical Pediatrics& B+ w1 k1 r: ~
Volume 46 Number 6
3 a& X" F" D+ j, C" i& r; IJuly 2007 540-5431 F p6 h2 a; n0 z1 Y" e
© 2007 Sage Publications
' V; m6 R8 s7 S8 `# H( b# _10.1177/0009922806296651
7 q0 M- Z& ?9 ]http://clp.sagepub.com
' G' B) y% ^8 t4 T# yhosted at) M ?1 N: E6 G$ w) Y1 T" }. [4 R& E
http://online.sagepub.com, _0 p5 S7 W: ?) M( [; s- p: `/ ^# I |( X
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% @. S9 G; d& A6 Ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ [; u3 `+ P+ N5 {precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- q. l: d# |$ m. E9 D4 E/ Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
F" b" K5 ^ l/ f" N5 a% Qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system& S% @# I3 T3 u7 \% p8 M" F4 P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
8 }5 H8 u' U, X. dby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
. r5 r5 I) k( H. A+ h5 u# a) Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% v. {4 O4 S) G# X# }cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 y; \, i2 E1 V, r4 e) w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& M: w8 {9 q' M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop- {' F1 {9 [' k
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 W8 L5 Q$ R9 Ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* j7 ^3 ~% o$ m/ z( w+ w Cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ X. U; N* O3 W, V" a- g! R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# R$ G# }0 B8 ?$ Q% Y7 Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 e- ]6 S6 _ k! K0 J; B3 V
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# p- R$ q3 g5 E6 o6 _/ _/ D+ V7 s
bly more common than the rare case report in the
* E$ Y c, h+ [ q/ Kliterature.4, x' i+ t1 f# [; ?* W, `8 B' l4 ~
Patient Report9 t+ s, I9 f# r, e) ]8 l
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 \/ z/ Y! v3 k5 d/ o+ Pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
9 s" o' k: h% I7 X( |of early sexual development. His mother noticed- a3 l4 B* k4 h+ @# i
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 n9 A7 K* z) _; R0 bFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
C; i9 U4 o8 N; y xSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ u( ?! `, n7 K) S2 {0 v+ iAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. b! E2 V) W5 G$ r
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
- Z0 h( E' G' N/ U# n* NMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
/ q: W+ i( G5 He-mail: [email protected].: C1 i. u6 A. v: k* B- g4 {
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& l, e5 |6 J+ l/ ^. w
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 X/ Y! d: o4 k! l0 t9 S, o! }
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- C4 r+ J- e" _$ B% _3 r8 Q# Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 `) I2 r0 i' O4 \+ b1 L* ` t
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. Y @: a0 ]6 K$ f& j
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 y, Q8 G8 ^: }4 `# Dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with: b- g3 J, z, N8 K$ I- h5 l2 K
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 C" Z8 k8 Z2 q1 y2 e" a- X; Land his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ ]; d8 D8 i1 f% c& L4 \9 vwas age appropriate.2 C5 R5 F9 F- a- a$ Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 Q0 ^1 M1 Q3 H, z, A7 ]& |' Lwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 ~0 I$ P2 @0 i% x2 o
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; q" `9 b5 l9 q c% Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 F2 ]0 m$ j# Z2 ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 e, [7 X. ^1 X6 Y: {! [+ H- O2 L1 TThe father denied taking any other medication. The) I9 d) i$ @( k( [
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
. G! M: ~0 Y& p- G# uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 I. g* H" r9 u4 i0 j0 \. `5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 c( w* d& E( ~: X4 i _6 C5 H
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 |, L0 f$ p, e. Wtives. There were no siblings.
; N# B' C% V+ }- bPhysical Examination
8 g; u! S2 n. |/ UThe physical examination revealed a very active,
- l9 A* H1 p5 d' @4 Q$ Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 P. l% O+ q; D/ D# ^/ \. R' ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
1 X; q$ k; O1 F1 ^9 D90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" ^! z. l+ p+ h% F% ]3 d. W9 e
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; x2 N7 z2 D# |7 {+ `- Z' zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; z. W, A& e9 m; O5 @. S4 C
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ N# K7 p/ \1 B6 |' FThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for, h5 F [& x- M; p- l
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 P. W9 L" _3 M$ g6 ?4 H
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ C9 J9 T1 r' j$ E, D ~$ Ydeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; u; _% T' T' Z6 i# d( e
540
/ X) q! |* g7 r- M* {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 p- t8 h% Y* K! _1 \6 e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ }3 ?0 m0 Q2 P" r" g9 E0 q# D" l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 Y+ R' l _0 c3 K7 I" Z5 zThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, W. H- g: P3 f- D# D& h! Y1 r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" z8 j- t% G3 D2 Vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! ?+ F' ~9 t. t& R# R
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. w' K! [) X2 \) @bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
2 l7 A' q. c" o5 m# b" x7 A6 A& t; zof papilledema.7 J7 _' T& x* a. `, Y! ]
Laboratory Evaluation; m6 W% g- m/ l! p- n! N
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by/ V, s! v% m0 I! k) q
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& I C& _+ f0 b7 Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( C% P, p. C% }8 Y4 M, ^7 b
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
+ w5 h9 s U* fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
3 S7 c- Q& Y |" hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* p7 ?& }/ ]4 b% IThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* q( ?) l( l& S! R$ Q! i F* m8 curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 ]; f. v/ [- Q/ H; N- @
within normal range for his age. The concentration
6 h6 x- d5 v; g. |1 K7 Xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 v6 U% B1 V7 i( P' o% c' x9 V* \
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 _! Q. C( w. U5 A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& w# H- C5 v4 c. T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL), z3 e' V$ g. ]* F& Q3 p
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* w1 _7 @3 L# S3 \3 c, W9 T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 K( u' r t* Y& D* h i
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- k6 |3 s6 ?7 Z! B( ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
, p2 Y/ P7 K7 s e$ Y* G4 Jtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
9 `0 u! T! a5 N9 g) l. P( iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
% Y7 x; Q$ P* r* \8 N9 c' J& t5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' S4 J5 X+ L, ^+ ~
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( e' ~0 W8 O# e3 w
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 \5 i0 u* R# d(prepubertal)., S+ Y4 U/ S( m8 \7 o& n
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 _" F6 H ], |8 i, ~0 C! }results and were informed that all of the tests were1 [4 z9 I) e5 S# p5 w2 ^$ g" W
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
. ?( u1 ~8 ~2 V# q& e( K3 Kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& w0 f1 l9 V8 xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 \& J9 ?7 c9 `& k3 A
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 K5 g. s! |, h* s' K2 s
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
, |( z/ s/ t9 y# |child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ w1 M3 @+ p5 t% ^0 K1 `0 ]: H+ O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 ~- o- l& Y- |3 M
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-: |) C9 |% J( |
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) J6 b4 P* K* T% W- Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! \5 h. ~- V6 SmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ h2 O" s! H" s, V. R) `! S; o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 X9 x, x7 ?* @. F" ging frequent erections.6 R$ h* ~, Q2 \( J
Both parents were again questioned about use of# D, E& N- b# x1 x" n) b/ Z/ i
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to" A2 M- L" W {
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the* x( z- m- c7 \' D7 B1 U4 Y! T$ O# ?
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 K6 W/ S" E! ]$ a. z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' O2 G- d' B2 w, s! q# G$ ]' Eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 ?* i) J. q" c& `% I2 e1 t: wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% e$ O% M& C- w" z2 J0 xto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 w3 p% @. f+ E5 n) Zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido: d3 N, f- S O1 p2 k
secondary to depression.2 Y6 I; q+ N& @7 q
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# J; ?3 l( l5 Z& W/ Q0 q; TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his- r/ S; }9 q7 u% C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 c/ t5 B6 v6 z0 znificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
5 E; d: }* f; i$ f9 [. fThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 h4 u: T4 h6 m- P; Zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 S" K1 }- N; b! q3 w; ?
was high, he then read the product information
: i9 X- w: @' P1 L5 `packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ Q5 a) m8 C% Q- D! \$ l' e+ {son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 M8 i) A3 |# `& `( N+ t3 p1 P/ t
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. A1 C3 R n; W; ^6 e
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
- }- e2 `- F, M% Z+ i) p! C8 K1 Abeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
3 }6 _* ?4 ^, x3 w/ Vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- c1 h2 H0 h* Qlaboratory to obtain the test.2 v8 T# f- e& O$ X
Discussion
d D2 v( V3 g! M0 @" \( \2 gPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 A- F$ V5 Z$ l
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ k7 l$ a7 b8 v- F4 ]3 PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
5 N4 D8 N+ H \% q/ J" eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; m" Z2 A) |1 O0 e# [8 s; N, Xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 Y' B" @9 g4 z. H# c# rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* G( N- Z, K' G
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
9 U! `) i# S) b) gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 w' B/ K2 n7 n5 W5 X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
/ v7 s% L- }. ~5 f3 B1 F& o Nsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 n$ ]8 M' M+ ]boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 e; {# i) t6 C7 B" C1 m5 Y) G
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 M: H/ c" F( n: p
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 i$ n3 }! h0 d0 T0 F$ ?
gonadotropins.1,3
: f5 K; [8 {: l1 y% u. k! CGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: n' v1 ~: z0 B: W9 d
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* D, m7 d$ m/ z! yandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
- R8 T; {! p, l' _9 }exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 X1 @. C0 [; bulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 h& D/ ~( V' J- z
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- q1 `" k) o' V' m* p6 Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* [" P, q' i8 }# [& m3 `
puberty in boys.3,4( T, c3 \# a5 Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal+ j: A; V* G! l% `7 B/ H
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! X, @( i1 k* l5 }, _ l
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
# v2 m4 u9 o( _$ q F" o8 U: fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; x) W' s3 a9 b) \! |/ P' J
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 x0 ~! S+ k( V: X6 _4 Xexcess.1,33 H3 k" J' s, M' h* o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 A3 [. _2 D* }* J1 w
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
0 E1 \' f( D2 ]" [9 w4 i: L2 c" v# ?A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
9 e5 T( p, p. |" D- y. K* n& nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 d* A' s0 L. Gas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
) k& H2 n0 H- r1 n9 C$ @# u; overy young age. The physical findings in these boys
( B7 A$ h# W5 w& Lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
! O/ S; N2 l( K) H4 _' D$ t# mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ _) D0 N* `8 x7 X! C& ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ {* H3 v5 R# r) fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 H. f5 n1 C% V2 D+ W" y, o
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ R+ ~/ U6 ~- ^2 }" M" B- Mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
A3 d2 R" Z; ?/ iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only- I. j6 M- d0 z. \
males; therefore, other male members of the family
+ m: M2 N! n4 z" p& Wmay have similar precocious puberty.35 @8 | O y, h) e
In our patient, physical examination was incon- x8 D9 M: ]7 ~- |+ S$ @/ q
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 l' Q$ y) a3 }8 l& E, g. `
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 z3 r; C; d& |was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% v8 {: j" A" S+ P2 h. Istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( u. k d( u7 r
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 p/ w9 X9 X0 Qbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
- w9 z- j0 b8 L5 a% J* i2 Eative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ R$ W# A0 {" G7 g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
3 w* Z& z) L* b2 N/ H$ _0 E4 xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" J1 `9 f2 ^) K3 K
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 y- ~# [' c7 u8 u3 @, ~) K: sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- j3 O0 E d/ {6 P7 }+ l X3 Z7 z! ~% [The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' d& c! v% a% _7 L" I- Z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
+ e# W- u. c" Q. w9 _& Sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 p* z# ]5 |4 G% q ~) l7 S! ]pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and$ o* A/ R# }3 h$ j/ Y- ]# h& L
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-# [( O5 \ p6 i* E" b
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
Z: Q/ h3 ]* x- y8 _9 Kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’3 Q# e2 E! Y' z- f
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ P0 B: k: ?+ C& ^4 v1 @
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 c5 X! f7 @1 _- dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 E- M# X" _) d3 x* u$ y0 p( l- h
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 k$ N/ o% p1 X: abaseline value in those females who were exposed to* A% ^# P2 m6 b' U7 r- q, |
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 s+ i8 e, y% h7 z, Q) G+ m' v( R2 P
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 D: Z4 U& R% e+ j( o6 m) n
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented. a3 x5 g& X7 V1 E$ `' b
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,5 U# I0 H$ Z1 t
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- ^' F6 H8 }2 i" q. zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-7 l2 I6 Y/ A* z# L0 \1 s
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! {- D, v. T3 x; \; ^0 z( K; e8 t
active in young children exposed to testosterone* U9 V9 A6 E3 c5 o
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& F; A4 T& F' Y7 J! S$ `3 [- C6 c6 Edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to; k' n3 z- d; T6 q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- V; L9 d2 J( o) g. n
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
3 u( e3 d9 i! A% g, n, Fadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 y4 T; }. u+ X# J
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 [7 @+ V3 p0 v2 I! Yearly childhood on pubertal development and final4 E& v$ f" G9 C" L# ^8 M
adult height are not fully known and always remain( @! ~9 C3 b: o# Z. @& _
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
$ y" j5 l' q* Z* \terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' i( y3 G. R; F) I' q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 A2 S' Y* `5 d( O
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, E7 Y* L0 q7 }4 f" J$ R
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 E9 [4 W) g- R' u, Z u$ i: kThere are conflicting reports and controversy" E( z2 [; l5 B) P
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ O! y$ Z- z+ D" spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
t" g. l; T! d2 Y) a& ^adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ G) m' ]) M9 |9 L5 m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 G6 Q1 Y( A, b6 ]
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 w% \/ s( P% B; x- t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
! l. B: k) M0 I# ^* G) L) Q4 r' dpenile length in clinical studies.
* t3 A, A" v& oNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 U7 U. C% ~2 Kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
# Q/ a. c- g7 y- L' f" z! d* ]testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ d, ~7 P( u& {1 k. l
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 ?! G* R0 y( o- e4 wAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
' K, ?! M: q8 x8 Idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 S, k4 R1 {! r" pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' Y4 s9 s2 D _) x6 o% mheight will not be affected.
2 Q- }0 H" M$ T" D9 o2 mAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
" v* ~% Z4 J& A* Yability of androgen products in our society may( e3 R& V S/ r/ y6 R; o
indeed cause more virilization in male or female+ V' I L" {3 j# C5 S% |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
+ H) Q3 o- ^( l6 h4 Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 {* c% ~9 G) \$ Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or0 ^$ n1 I7 s J5 M. I0 [
gel should be asked of the family members during
' U! A* p' v% m2 n0 k) _) \3 T) pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 `, j, L7 \( u+ }, l$ {$ \
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 ]2 S, N% l! y+ ?. ?' r8 m5 `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 F' H: d3 [+ {7 |* X# V4 c1 Xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, w! t9 i+ A2 Z$ R" phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may" S+ G% _6 N. r
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* ?- L* [9 W1 `' binvestigation. The primary care physician should be' t7 F/ E- z2 t" c, Q
aware of this fact, because most of these children
0 S7 A8 I/ @! D- O9 G8 f* `* [" {may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( k& I2 k& A+ W- PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
6 V" ~* k, K$ ~" Fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ G5 a' T. b# H- V
female child who might come in contact with some-+ U* [/ v7 f7 P9 n S/ R
one using any of these products.
+ F/ x# t. f% \* P3 yReferences& k( G/ f: ?1 N- Y y! p3 f
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) s8 @% {# O+ @
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 [3 |7 @4 g7 F$ N! n7 WEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( [3 I5 P+ A/ J; K0 R5 C: u! }$ U
2002: 565-628. ]* |* a1 D e4 [7 s
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 ~4 [* O/ D4 K; H" @5 q) H8 mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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