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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 M( |' T1 O: R% E) X/ O5 ?2 A
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
& i/ {8 V3 P' k; T: W0 yExposure to Testosterone! F. C( z9 ~1 A/ a% I
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( F; c8 ^# N+ [6 J, L
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
# @0 D( L# ?* _3 o* |* Y {Clinical Pediatrics
2 `: B' |4 k+ `5 S* GVolume 46 Number 6* f9 z2 K9 S+ d- }4 O
July 2007 540-543
2 z4 t. c Y: o& g8 b: [+ ~( x9 D© 2007 Sage Publications. F) n& {1 r. b" U0 ~2 S2 @ C, A
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 T; W: y# |0 B; a: ]3 bhttp://clp.sagepub.com
, c: P3 Q; B1 B3 l, f Fhosted at0 O7 u; R% a1 V' m2 l2 b6 u( d$ ^
http://online.sagepub.com8 y/ Z9 ?1 s9 l- U% |
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ j: W! L7 b! Y3 U
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; ^5 k( W7 e0 G; F8 l2 W V$ ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) b# p6 Y5 K( [& fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 K8 F" r ^0 o0 Y& k) k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. U8 j- X2 p: i4 r5 s, o( Xlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% g* m) q& {5 e, O5 I8 M, G6 Aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ l& a* ?, q8 }: U" l, Uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! k T0 O$ H! }1 b# E- i. F
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# C7 m2 W& p; a. }* ~. k4 d% ?
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ ?( z; `9 V1 \. b4 Q
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 e2 b8 i+ W8 N: W7 A
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 c- e5 j- p0 U8 o+ _' W G) nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by T; v& U: }: u. w
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 u3 C3 G* w6 Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 s9 c& a0 ]; d. T& schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' U9 n: Q2 x7 j( Ktestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 N) c/ r" X& r) i( bbly more common than the rare case report in the
! a. l9 C' S7 H* x/ C/ b8 |literature.4
$ P2 J% a, z$ y4 u2 r, NPatient Report0 U6 a2 Z) \3 t) E& s/ E% }
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the' P! S8 h- v8 Z, ` T" o2 v
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ Y. U% W+ d6 L
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 ?6 f4 ]( f. ?: j7 t( F+ d& slight colored pubic hair development when he was# h9 i4 k" Y' t4 y( B& |. ?
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" @: c, V* ]* l, \- P7 fSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" L5 W- ~8 X5 w6 `* P- UAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& H1 T4 r+ m$ l8 }+ mProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 Q4 X- ?! u* j2 F
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
, _ _; J5 w4 n! Le-mail: [email protected].
6 L' F, a0 O1 b, q8 M; O3 R) C; ~3 ^6 Pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 _! J1 \, G2 S$ C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) _0 u9 g9 S4 j0 ^+ P) |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& F; Z d' Q& g: \; Awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. a" a* @* T; i( ]1 M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ h* Y$ s2 _* T/ X0 H& O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( W: U; t- J8 _ Dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ O5 [1 l+ _5 g3 l+ ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: X. M- q) ^/ l( u3 t: |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% Z# B& f9 y% W Y* r& Iwas age appropriate.
2 \; u) I- h# CThe family history was remarkable for the father,
) |! U8 E3 I. k1 _, p! @who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 A. t i" S+ s. \" P( e& B2 I
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% ?& {: k$ J, K0 }' I
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, m8 U3 a$ G5 L* [2 h+ Y0 W
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
/ w. `0 v' j7 S( [+ V) j& g9 OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, E. r# s/ c4 \; w/ e0 X; J' Uchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) ^ j8 p% U ^- t- rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' g1 T; u6 I) c: ~& h/ o" ` P& _# p' a5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ ?; b6 t; W' j: k# ?8 X+ Ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! R2 Z l s0 W( o4 K
tives. There were no siblings. _3 ]4 _$ n3 Y. J$ o
Physical Examination
8 ]! Y' [9 m+ S$ c y2 u; V! A' }The physical examination revealed a very active,; e' {! D! J7 P8 k' r8 M8 a$ C6 U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) j s* s9 q9 N/ ?/ L
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was3 M0 `+ [# d6 D6 M8 Z# U1 D* D
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg }2 N5 g0 [( w$ R$ B: j% N
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
W9 E; F- d$ _# g. t% j) j5 Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) n0 q) l# ? H) e, W1 uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! ?( |2 B8 H; a- H9 P. FThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for) S+ v0 R6 ]' a) [0 E
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* N. z2 ]; \, g, V
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 {) C: |6 T0 P& Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; `, j: o" Q* I9 n3 t, ~540
9 j6 f' e: F Nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" i9 A" n* b, ^the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ e/ D9 C% H7 L/ Y/ [- z6 n
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
G7 D$ z5 T8 d2 M1 QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 K# }* d1 U# b6 @' ?& s% }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ R+ K! ], y4 X$ k. f# _1 w( f5 o% v8 U
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, X' s: o" w! r3 _7 u, ?: XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: j0 _! _5 G* \( U; rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 m E' ^9 E4 q' \: G/ h6 x9 v/ G
of papilledema.- @2 D, _- ` E' I- L+ `, |6 E0 V$ i
Laboratory Evaluation9 s3 g Q, C" c; S
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
& T- o/ h Q* _8 g: I8 Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, @( y$ X" |( |( o- ]. R0 O2 \4 p
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal! Y( z h. c3 C0 h8 v
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ e3 f; g0 s/ ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 i3 ` f" z8 d6 o- z+ C* _3 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." I3 h, K9 h) q) G' P i o, b
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 {7 [# n5 q& ?/ {$ Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# W& B1 L" b6 X4 d# _1 [within normal range for his age. The concentration6 W0 A7 H, q/ u4 y
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: L5 S, s: A' N: x' I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 j1 [ @# M4 }* m2 q; ]6 r
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! q$ d+ H9 c" Rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! S! P3 L& b. ]9 P7 Z" k9 n
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ l+ o( b4 a4 `- E) _
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& U4 c& I/ _" e8 _9 B& M& Z# \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 p8 J3 i! w( [" _6 v+ H1 O/ k
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 N+ P1 r% V0 `# ~) a9 t# }0 v# [7 Y
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ ^: \* f) b+ \: I) O. s1 P% c6 h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- Q: \: I# H8 t/ g5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# Q& Z3 [6 K9 Z4 v. Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. x# ?( t9 @- O0 G5 s9 p- {concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 Y9 j9 j) _. n. Z) j(prepubertal).
8 h( N. P; f( }! k/ \The parents were notified about the laboratory
: L8 W, b( U4 j; @ w" Y4 O' d0 Xresults and were informed that all of the tests were
t4 e( c' b- E7 snormal except the testosterone level was high. The
! j& C0 F8 C1 B# m! s+ [% V# lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 o2 d/ M* Y0 n6 O. S7 t2 ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
- a! ~ \, ?& a+ `ever, the family did not return for 4 months.+ `- t" P& m) r) X" u
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
' ]' r/ M' d! |& ~3 J% n9 p7 a* Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( v& E' _0 q9 h: ^* F4 s2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# O% e% Z7 t* r$ \- D
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
m) u4 c& M# x; w( L3 Z9 jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 q( Q. X: E+ ]/ r: z) t b) f& g
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! v$ D# _ E* c" I) M7 PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged. B4 S: b1 q' p) B
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 d5 F! ^$ H$ y& b- H) @
ing frequent erections.: E" I- K/ j# L2 m; o- X
Both parents were again questioned about use of
\. S( {4 E, W* Y5 {any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% T% t: q: A4 W) ~4 ~ ^the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! P% c, Z, C7 W# i* t6 sTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, Q0 Y* ^; h6 W. r$ xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ s: e- t, ^: Y6 ~4 }( p4 @ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( S2 X/ d0 {2 k' s2 U+ M* q# D1 X4 }a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed& n; B" W; w* j: |7 G
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; q. H5 o4 C6 m$ ~! r: B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 Y0 x! G! a' u0 V9 Q( V
secondary to depression.. S8 N* v) |, \6 Y4 [
The child slept in the same bed with parents. r( B: v# F* r+ B5 E F
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- b( j+ s4 i9 U% p5 O' Z6 Pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 F+ E& [" P; S! nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: P, c* P/ R4 n ~& RThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
: J% ^1 S4 r; \ Iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby. W% i2 a) y/ z
was high, he then read the product information _7 ~( D# O/ V( Y9 A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! z# m4 X: N' K& f
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ S0 h: C0 G6 o& n6 ldecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 N( _# m1 e8 m1 F) i1 Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 W/ l2 ~( Q7 z. y- M! I2 d
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 g9 J6 Z/ E, [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: j* ~: K# N6 E0 l6 I3 H8 Olaboratory to obtain the test.2 L, L% z- }- t4 s0 `: k' B7 x6 ]
Discussion y1 m a# l& x
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% v; j4 F7 {- I+ I4 ]) Z+ k0 y& ~
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& I# u0 k, f1 Q2 l$ ?% jPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 Y9 W- ?9 F- B3 F& O3 `* q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ p( u. a" u) u( N( Othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, E4 `3 S; \, _) ~$ {mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" d& s9 W# ]( f- emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 z0 H' o" a# w& R: s! a2 [responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 w6 U# @2 @/ e) Q) s
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# ^3 }! X1 u( ~) Q: [. d4 @
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ @) ~: X' v) F4 u4 }9 [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 T# f! @) `) d$ e2 R) \2 V. iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& n+ A( p. V4 X( H ?, a5 A) V }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
+ J& l3 @! n( C7 ngonadotropins.1,3
' R3 A, Z/ ~3 y a" B- XGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: c, Z) n9 N- `" ~cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ B) N" B# w3 B6 h
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or g3 Z, ^& E0 E" h" U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
9 Z. E" Z/ w0 h; {ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 B1 F8 w% H8 M6 h* X8 ]" a8 ?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: |$ V9 m3 G; Q3 Radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 H3 x9 p: g% f8 P) J9 g1 ?
puberty in boys.3,4" N: U% ^8 _1 ?2 K7 z, {! A& W% S
The most common form of congenital adrenal; `0 f9 i- Z+ X. Z& B9 i6 w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
i9 X9 a- `1 c2 G* B4 NThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; O4 p" U- E' R! ]; y5 D* t! S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; y; w* J3 l2 E0 Y8 ~; K: Z4 \# @
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' x7 t1 ^1 O. ` iexcess.1,35 v9 p7 m$ m! e* U" E8 l6 P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& m) \& P5 [7 n, h+ O; n
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& f2 e" t* @2 o& p8 XA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( ]. X$ t5 P7 ]' b2 }independent precocious puberty, which is also known! |1 J+ C6 j0 x+ s0 F" x5 j
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a i0 z8 y' F, `& n) ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys% K! x) W1 d4 k% T6 x/ o
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
- J/ @. m4 X2 H# Y$ h7 u, a1 Vincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. n9 T1 m' M. p& M) i) J) `: p
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 W3 T. f$ i1 }+ C) X4 I% j( dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! x% [" o5 V* z& O* c6 n* r9 w
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- d$ x/ ^ ^( n6 g$ S. Zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 a7 H: [3 V0 |: o! O8 z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ P6 e! L9 ~' R9 q, ^/ U% @( m& _males; therefore, other male members of the family
# N! y5 \0 U- d8 w, b7 ^* G, V [" l) Cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
. q6 L0 B* K/ g" a+ u2 H, TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-+ L! }4 V! |5 j2 m- y% Y4 f+ [) x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& S) g8 c y; ^! I9 @
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 j$ N" p$ ~/ U3 A) |9 h5 Z/ N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father& j- C8 F9 n0 i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 u$ j; \( d8 i# g! p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
N, W8 o- j& d& z# J+ ?beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. A1 m: p' ~& c, H* Fative initial history of androgen exposure, our( F6 S+ @/ J* M( W& y) j
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," ]' a! K6 A, r: V5 L% X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
' n, V( e- s. n: |4 Zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# G" p; k" o0 S+ g! zing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, n4 M3 U9 o& `, n! r+ pThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 G' ^# L \6 A9 ?5 s" f5 ]suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: a0 o; N5 K9 k# K9 F5 v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-" e& A* s v, t l/ E3 N. k
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! n# P" ]; W" i" {# S
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- I- k7 }& V, [' N4 h4 ?
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
8 y* |$ h/ c: S4 \! B) A Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% X. |6 r6 [6 j' E5 p% R) C9 G
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 L T. }5 Z: {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 J0 ^' o, B& e: @
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* O9 c7 ~7 g* u+ ~/ u6 V8 y% e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- e( T+ K# X: p$ c" [baseline value in those females who were exposed to
% S# f' Q8 a9 J* Meven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 Q4 Y" o. @/ z' i2 ?8 [% d0 [- I7 j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 p+ Y7 V- A: E2 x& ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.6 H& Z7 |% g" ~# F1 @9 `# l; m" w
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: h T$ W( g2 J) {4 h, k5 Zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 K# Y7 b+ r5 U6 \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 @, w' h: {, Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 s Z2 J) J" P. |: Gactive in young children exposed to testosterone6 H k, \- b% F6 {& }6 c# F4 G0 C+ ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 t& l+ J$ @3 @6 t* L% h
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( A2 w, N- W* g* j* R+ L+ q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( }6 D3 a! S! M% [! o) m) q- n2 B) lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 w- g0 a% b2 P+ I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 }# u M7 s s, G# I1 GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ X! C& \% s# h! X/ T/ gearly childhood on pubertal development and final4 e( y- ^' M. ?9 K4 S7 _
adult height are not fully known and always remain- }9 a5 V Y! j' e& H
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 x! K& m9 K! V3 m3 E6 S3 \. e
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, V$ ?' _& `# B* y3 N9 z( D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. j, L) v3 d8 C9 d. ~1 q. A, q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- m# X! S, U8 {; Vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 G5 h, X/ v! a# Q! p" ]0 W& EThere are conflicting reports and controversy( u: X& M; R I4 l
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) }0 \4 ?0 m! q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 g. z: ^! r) u) N& cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 [0 M7 n6 o6 V9 lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ p5 h- p0 j5 S1 u9 HSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. G& M* t$ b" K- I! }9 T9 Cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ ?" M# |8 M' c5 P5 j. T4 t8 s
penile length in clinical studies.8 F" R# ~$ H; M& H/ o
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. Q0 c$ F( S8 v8 X
going to experience any of the untoward effects from% c# i+ Q3 |& `
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' ]: T/ G1 J/ O6 b5 h4 Z2 lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- S9 Q z5 @5 s
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of C* U4 y3 f2 b: M) l, O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. |! ?" T1 e0 h( v6 Z qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! J1 r( L* m9 L, m8 ?. @! m( p
height will not be affected.7 C+ A' p. V2 C
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& a5 q `: z3 @% yability of androgen products in our society may
/ a% A" |0 Z9 J+ L: N1 U4 Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 J% ?, w* V6 Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 J/ Y2 I) `# x1 ~6 ngen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 |9 T, W8 F( t6 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 Q" J' M! d& O; K4 X; l) Igel should be asked of the family members during. q1 T! z3 y `! J. L
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 |1 a+ ~7 c8 n9 H% A
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag- v+ ]9 r2 A& D4 U, v
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 d1 h* b8 O% W0 E0 n y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a \* h3 f/ Y( @0 |7 c# H; ?% W% S
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 Y7 m3 P0 Q# n0 @
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ S" I$ W% ^$ N1 M3 r( O. Linvestigation. The primary care physician should be
6 K- W! h9 q2 t& K) e2 e4 iaware of this fact, because most of these children
* @4 x9 p, K! D* @may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# S( g5 w/ j1 n+ M; Y. w
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- E9 M5 w) ?9 q3 ~* x6 Q Awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" n! e6 z( w0 q+ f2 v1 a" r( `female child who might come in contact with some-7 c0 [8 W1 o$ X; W* R
one using any of these products.+ U$ p7 @. C" \- y. [
References7 k; ~3 v" H, N' t4 n& f% i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) [# z0 }9 C* b, ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 e. `8 r% {4 ^8 f4 D5 z: d8 [+ X! X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 i2 f% ~- T. m. T) v2 }0 n2002: 565-628.
m u$ d5 l' M1 b. j" n# p; d0 Q5 T% h2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: T; K' B) s4 w; Opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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